Giving Agricultural Production Priority over Environmental Conservation in Rural Engineering Research

S. Yoshida
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Abstract

Agriculture in Japan is currently facing a serious crisis. While total imports of agricultural products reached a total value of approximately \4.05 trillion in 1991, making this country the world's largest net importer of agricultural products, Japan's self-sufficiency in food has been dropping steadily since 1960. In 1991 Japan satisfied only 46% of its people's total calorific intake from domestic production, with self-sufficiency in cereals a mere 29%. Japan is the only country with a population of over 20 million people which has a calorific self-sufficiency of less than 50%, and is well below the average self-sufficiency for both industrially advanced countries (110%) and developing countries (90%). In fact, Japan was ranked 136th in terms of self-sufficiency among the 155 countries listed in FAO statistics for 1980, with Hong Kong, Singapore, Brunei and Macao being the only countries in Asia to rank lower than Japan. The fact that Japan alone has such a low level of self-sufficiency among the industrially advanced countries indicates that industrial growth is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in agriculture under a capitalist economy. The trend in Britain, where the calorific self-sufficiency ratio grew annually from 48% in 1970 to 73% in 1988, when self-sufficiency in cereals was over 100%, has been quite the opposite to that in Japan. Neither is Japan's low level of self-sufficiency a result of low productivity due to lack of suitable farmland and other natural constraints . This is clearly borne out, for example, by the fact that total wheat production was
农村工程研究中农业生产优先于环境保护
日本的农业目前正面临严重的危机。1991年,日本的农产品进口总额达到约4.05万亿美元,成为世界上最大的农产品净进口国,但自1960年以来,日本的粮食自给率一直在稳步下降。1991年,日本国内生产的热量仅占国民总热量摄入的46%,谷物的自给率仅为29%。日本是唯一一个人口超过2000万的国家,其热量自给率低于50%,远低于工业发达国家(110%)和发展中国家(90%)的平均自给率。事实上,1980年,在粮农组织统计的155个国家中,日本的自给率排在第136位,香港、新加坡、文莱和澳门是亚洲唯一低于日本的国家。在工业发达国家中,只有日本的自给自足水平是如此之低,这一事实表明,在资本主义经济下,工业的增长并不一定伴随着农业的衰退。在英国,热量自给率从1970年的48%每年增长到1988年的73%,当时谷物的自给率超过100%,这一趋势与日本完全相反。日本的低自给自足水平也不是由于缺乏合适的农田和其他自然限制导致的低生产力造成的。例如,小麦总产量明显地证明了这一点
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