Examining Sentiments and Popularity of Pro- and Anti-Vaccination Videos on YouTube

Melodie Yun-Ju Song, A. Gruzd
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引用次数: 49

Abstract

Vaccine misinformation on social media poses significant drawbacks to the efforts of vaccine coverage rates. This research studies the interlinkages between pro- and anti-vaccine YouTube videos to help public health professionals explore new ways to reach anti-vaccine and vaccine-hesitant audiences. Using YouTube's API, we retrieved 9,489 recommended videos from 250 seeds using keywords such as "vaccines" and its derivatives. We then manually identified 1,984 videos directly related to vaccination and then categorized their vaccine sentiment into pro-, anti-, and neutral. Results show that 65.02% of the videos were anti-vaccine, and only 20.87% were pro-vaccine, 14.11% were neutral. Anti-vaccine videos were significantly more prevalent in the "News & Politics" and "People & Blogs" video categories; while pro-vaccine videos were more prevalent in the "Education" and "Science & Technology" categories. Results also showed that anti-vaccine sentiment videos have higher values of closeness centrality (p<0.05), suggesting that watching an anti-vaccine video will likely lead to more anti-vaccine video recommendations. Moreover, videos that had more dislikes than likes (dislike/like ratio) are positively related to pro-vaccine videos (OR=3.912), suggesting that pro-vaccine videos are more ill-received on YouTube than anti-vaccine videos. This study is the first to examine the network of vaccine-related videos on YouTube and their centralities. The results highlight some possible limitations of YouTube-based vaccination awareness campaigns and also emphasize the need to diversify how YouTube makes its recommendations to help viewers break out of the anti-vaccine "bubble."
调查YouTube上支持和反对接种疫苗视频的情绪和流行程度
社交媒体上的疫苗错误信息对疫苗覆盖率的努力造成了重大阻碍。本研究研究了YouTube上支持和反对疫苗的视频之间的相互联系,以帮助公共卫生专业人员探索新的途径,以接触反对疫苗和疫苗犹豫的观众。使用YouTube的API,我们使用“疫苗”及其衍生物等关键词从250个种子中检索了9489个推荐视频。然后,我们手动识别了1984个与疫苗接种直接相关的视频,然后将它们的疫苗观点分为赞成、反对和中立。结果显示,65.02%的视频为反疫苗,20.87%为支持疫苗,14.11%为中性。反疫苗视频在“新闻与政治”和“人物与博客”视频类别中更为普遍;而支持疫苗的视频在“教育”和“科学与技术”类别中更为普遍。结果还显示,反疫苗情绪视频具有更高的接近中心性值(p<0.05),这表明观看反疫苗视频可能会导致更多的反疫苗视频推荐。此外,不喜欢多于喜欢(不喜欢/喜欢比)的视频与支持疫苗的视频正相关(OR=3.912),这表明支持疫苗的视频在YouTube上比反对疫苗的视频更不受欢迎。这项研究首次考察了YouTube上与疫苗相关的视频网络及其中心性。研究结果强调了基于YouTube的疫苗接种宣传活动可能存在的一些局限性,同时也强调了YouTube推荐方式多样化的必要性,以帮助观众打破反疫苗的“泡沫”。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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