Mathematical Correlations, Method for the Preliminary Sizing, Design and Tests of an Ultralight All-Electric Aircraft

J. A. Posada-Montoya, Fabián Vargas-Álvarez
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aviation has a great impact on climate change, resource depletion, and human health. Sixty billion gallons of jet fuel are annually consumed worldwide, and more than 781 tons of CO2 were emitted in 2015. Tetraehtyl lead remains an additive to general aviation fuel; which causes neurotoxic effects, pollution, encephalopathy, low intellectual capacity, and renal tubular damage. 16 million of Americans live and 3 million of children study close to a general aviation airport. Although there have been improvements in fossil fuel motors efficiency, CO2 emissions, and biofuels; all-electric aircraft exceeds those improvements. The advantages of all-electric aircraft are lower noise, pollution, vibration, maintenance, and energy cost; instantaneous and reliable startup; no altitude effects; torque-speed characteristics; and distributed propulsion. Their main disadvantages are its cost, availability, maturity, low range, and endurance (due to the low specific energy of the batteries). Norway plans all short-haul flights (15-30 min) to be on electric 25-to-30 seat aircraft by 2040. The Swedish flight-shaming movement is causing passengers to move by train. Although several all-electric aircraft prototypes have been built and tested, there are no mathematical correlations and equations that allow the designer to estimate the motor power, and take-off, battery, and motor weight. Mathematical correlations and equations were elaborated based on the data obtained from the manufacturers of 34 all-electric aircraft. This paper presents the continuous power, weight, and power density of 19 electric aircraft motors that have been used in all-electric aircraft, and are available for new designs. The Predator 50-6 Evo electric motor produces 19 kW of continuous power and has a specific power of 8.3 kW.kg-1, while Siemens SP260D produces 261 kW and has a specific power of 5.2 kW.kg-1; and the Magnix Magni500 produces 560 kW and has a specific power of 4.1 kW.kg-1. Similarly, the voltage, capacity, energy, weight, and specific energy of five high specific energy lithium batteries are presented. LiNiMnCo and LiS batteries have obtained specific energies of 260 Wh.kg-1. Additionally, a preliminary approach was defined to estimate the weight and power of all-electric aircraft during cruise, take-off, and climb. Based on Michael Sandlin’s Goat 4 and Dale Kramer’s electric Lazair, a single-seat ultralight-glider all-electric aircraft was designed and built with a tricycle fixed landing gear. 6061T6 aluminum tube, aviation hardware, and uncertified Dacron 2.97 oz.yd-2 fabric was used to build the structure. The wing span is 36 ft, the wing area is 174 ft2, and the empty weight is 109 kg. 626 INR-18650-35E Samsung 3500 mAh lithium ion cells were spot welded in series and parallel to form two battery packs of 14S, 58.8 V, 78.2 Ah, and 4.5 kWh each. These packs are protected by two 300 A 14S Li-ion bluetooth MOS-screen Battery Management System (BMS). Two Turnigy Dlux 250A HV 60 V 14S opto Electric Speed Controllers (ESC) run two Turnigy CA-120-70-15 9.8 kW brushless permanent magnet DC out-runner motors. These motors are coupled to two Xoar 30 x 12 inch wood propellers. Two Juntek VAT-4300 400 V 300 A Watt meters were used in each circuit to measure DC voltage, current, power, charge and discharge capacity, Watt-hour, and temperature. This setup provides an estimated endurance of 27 minutes, and a cruise velocity of 30 knots.
一种超轻型全电动飞机的初步尺寸、设计和试验的数学关联方法
航空对气候变化、资源枯竭和人类健康有着巨大的影响。全球每年消耗600亿加仑航空燃料,2015年排放的二氧化碳超过781吨。四乙基铅仍然是通用航空燃料的添加剂;会导致神经中毒、污染、脑病、智力低下和肾小管损伤。有1600万美国人在通用航空机场附近生活,300万儿童在机场附近学习。尽管化石燃料发动机的效率、二氧化碳排放和生物燃料有所改善;全电动飞机超过了这些改进。全电动飞机的优点是噪音、污染、振动、维护和能源成本较低;启动瞬间可靠;没有海拔影响;高频矩特征;分布式推进。它们的主要缺点是其成本,可用性,成熟度,低范围和耐用性(由于电池的低比能量)。挪威计划到2040年,所有短途航班(15-30分钟)都将使用25- 30座的电动飞机。瑞典的航班羞辱运动导致乘客选择乘坐火车。尽管已经建造和测试了几架全电动飞机的原型机,但没有数学相关性和方程式允许设计师估计电机功率、起飞、电池和电机重量。根据34架全电动飞机制造商提供的数据,阐述了数学关系式和方程。本文介绍了已用于全电动飞机的19种电动飞机电机的连续功率、重量和功率密度,并可用于新设计。捕食者50-6 Evo电机的连续功率为19 kW,比功率为8.3 kW.kg-1,而西门子SP260D电机的连续功率为261 kW,比功率为5.2 kW.kg-1;Magnix Magni500的功率为560千瓦,比功率为4.1千瓦。同样给出了五种高比能锂电池的电压、容量、能量、重量、比能。LiNiMnCo和li电池获得了260 Wh.kg-1的比能量。此外,还定义了一种初步的方法来估计全电动飞机在巡航、起飞和爬升过程中的重量和功率。基于Michael Sandlin的Goat 4和Dale Kramer的电动Lazair,设计并制造了一架单座超轻型滑翔机,并配备了三轮车固定起落架。使用6061T6铝管,航空五金和未经认证的涤纶2.97 oz.yd-2织物来构建结构。翼展36英尺,机翼面积174平方英尺,空重109公斤。626个INR-18650-35E三星3500 mAh锂离子电池通过串联和并联点焊形成两个14S、58.8 V、78.2 Ah、4.5 kWh的电池组。这些包由两个300a14s锂离子蓝牙mos屏幕电池管理系统(BMS)保护。两个Turnigy lux 250A HV 60v 14S光电速度控制器(ESC)运行两个Turnigy CA-120-70-15 9.8千瓦无刷永磁直流外圈电机。这些电机耦合到两个xar 30 x 12英寸的木制螺旋桨。在每个电路中使用两台Juntek VAT-4300 400 V 300 A瓦特表来测量直流电压、电流、功率、充放电容量、瓦时和温度。这种设置提供了27分钟的估计续航力,和30节的巡航速度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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