Chapter 22.3 Hydrogen bonding in biological macromolecules

E. Baker
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Abstract

Hydrogen bonds are weak non-covalent interactions, but their directional nature and the large number of hydrogen-bonding groups mean that they play a critical role in the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. Analyses of three-dimensional structures, particularly of proteins, reveal many consistent patterns, which are described in this review. Protein structures show almost complete saturation of hydrogen-bonding potential. Helices, β-strands, β-turns and γ-turns all show characteristic C=O···HN geometries, with helices having a variety of termination patterns. Local interactions are very common for main-chain···side-chain hydrogen bonds and may help direct protein folding. Non-local interactions, although fewer in number, can be very important for structural stability, and bound water molecules, because of their double-donor, double-acceptor capability, can play critical roles in satisfying overall hydrogen-bonding requirements. Finally, there is also a growing realization that non-conventional hydrogen bonds may play a more important role than hitherto recognized. Keywords: beta-sheets; amino-aromatic hydrogen bonding; DNA; helices; hydrogen bonding; hydrogen-bonding criteria; hydrogen-bonding potential; nucleic acids; protein folding; protein stability; RNA; secondary structure; side-chain hydrogen bonding; turns
22.3生物大分子中的氢键
氢键是弱的非共价相互作用,但其方向性和大量的氢键基团意味着它们在蛋白质和核酸的结构和功能中起着至关重要的作用。分析三维结构,特别是蛋白质,揭示了许多一致的模式,这是在这篇综述中描述。蛋白质结构显示氢键电位几乎完全饱和。螺旋、β-股、β-弯和γ-弯均表现出C=O···HN的几何特征,螺旋具有多种终止模式。主链···侧链氢键的局部相互作用非常普遍,可能有助于指导蛋白质折叠。非局部相互作用虽然数量较少,但对结构稳定性非常重要,而结合水分子由于其双给体、双受体的能力,在满足整体氢键要求方面起着关键作用。最后,人们也越来越认识到,非常规氢键可能发挥比迄今为止认识到的更重要的作用。关键词:β褶板;氨基芳香族氢键;DNA;螺旋;氢键;氢键标准;氢键的潜力;核酸;蛋白质折叠;蛋白质的稳定性;RNA;二级结构;侧链氢键;转
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