Focus-Predicate Concord kakari musubi Constructions in Japanese and Okinawan

Rumiko Shinzato
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Abstract

In a special Focus-to-Predicate concord construction (kakari musubi), specific focus particles called kakari joshi correlate with predicate conjugational endings, or musubi, other than regular finite forms, creating special illocutionary effects, such as emphatic assertion or question. In Old Japanese, a particle ka, s(/z)ö, ya, or namu triggers an adnominal ending, while kösö calls for a realis ending. In Old Okinawan, ga or du prompts an adnominal ending, while sɨ associates with realis endings. Kakari musubi existed in Proto-Japonic but died out in the Japanese branch; however, it is still preserved in its sister branch, Ryukyuan, in the Okinawan language. This concord phenomenon, observed in only a few languages of the world, presents diverse issues concerning its evolution from origin to demise, the functional and semantic differences of its kakari particles (e.g., question-forming Old Japanese ka vs. ya) and positional (sentence-medial vs. sentence-final) contrast. Furthermore, kakari musubi bears relevance to syntactic constructions such as clefts and nominalizations. Finally, some kakari particles stemming from demonstratives offer worthy data for theory construction in grammaticalization or iconicity. Because of its far reaching relevance, the construction has garnered attention from both formal and functional schools of linguistics.
日语和冲绳岛的焦点-谓语协和语kakari musubi结构
在一个特殊的焦点到谓语的和谐结构(kakari musubi)中,特定的焦点粒子被称为kakari joshi,与谓语的共轭结尾(musubi)相关联,而不是常规的有限形式,产生特殊的言外效果,如强调断言或问题。在古日语中,小品ka、s(/z)ö、ya或namu触发修饰词性结尾,而kösö则触发现实词性结尾。在古老的冲绳语中,ga或du表示副词结尾,而s /则表示现实结尾。Kakari musubi在原日本存在,但在日本分支中消失;然而,它仍然保存在它的姐妹分支琉球中,使用冲绳语。这种和谐现象仅在世界上少数几种语言中观察到,它提出了各种各样的问题,包括它从起源到消亡的演变,它的卡卡里小词的功能和语义差异(例如,形成疑问的古日语ka与ya)和位置对比(句-中间句与句-结尾句)。此外,kakari musubi与句法结构(如裂缝和名词化)有关。最后,一些源自指示词的卡卡里小品为语法化或象似性的理论建构提供了有价值的数据。由于其深远的相关性,这一结构受到了形式语言学和功能语言学两派的关注。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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