Parenthood and Paid Work: Conflict, Compromise and Compatibility

Abstract

The paper opens with an illustration of how successive generations of women in my own family have combined motherhood and paid employment since the end of the Nineteenth Century in Britain: an exceptionally wellqualified line of women, fitting in to the dominant male breadwinner norm, enshrined in Beveridge’s National Insurance system. I then turn to the general idea that the employment of women came to be viewed as relevant to population studies, in particular. Improvements in women’s economic opportunities were seen as helping to bring down the number of births, both in high fertility and low fertility societies. A key idea was that better prospects in the female labour market would raise the opportunity cost of motherhood. This story does not quite fit the experience of post war Britain, where women’s employment has been rising, sometimes at the same time as fertility. The latter has fluctuated but is still relatively high by international standards. Motherhood was increasingly combined with employment, though paid work was often part-time, secondary to that of the male breadwinner. This compromise contributed to maintaining the gap in pay between men and women, especially given the a-symmetric pay differentials of fathers and mothers. Paradoxically the future of fertility in industrial countries is no longer seen by demographers as necessarily depending on sustaining female subordination. An alternative would be improving the terms on which both men and women can combine paid work with parenthood. Just as paid work need not be a sphere where women occupy a secondary place, the role of men as giving care within the family could be developed. Parenthood is taking increasingly diverse forms in the 21 century, and egalitarian childrearing has the potential to provide better prospects for the next generation.