Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Nephropathy is a chronic complication characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (proteinuria) or reduced kidney glomerular filtration rate in both forms of diabetic mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is categorized into stages so called microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than 20 g/min and less than or equal to 199 g/min) and macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than or equal to 200 g/min). Hyperglycemia, increased blood pressure levels, and genetic predispositions are the main risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Nephropathy occurs as a result of an interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors, which activate diverse pathways that lead to renal damage. Growing evidence highlights the importance of inflammatory mechanisms in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, investigation into antiinflammatory strategies may offer new approaches of further effect.