Bernard Lonergan

Patrick H. Byrne
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Abstract

As with many thinkers of his generation, the Canadian philosopher and theologian Bernard Joseph Francis Xavier Lonergan, SJ (b. 1904–d. 1984), sought to overcome the limitations of the traditions of thought that he inherited. Although a Catholic theologian by profession, he found it necessary to also think through major issues posed by modern philosophy, science, modern mathematics, the historical condition of humanity, economics, ethics, art, and education. He became best known for his theory of knowledge in the decades immediately following the publication of his masterwork, Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (1957). However, the discovery of his numerous unpublished writings following his death in 1984 required a major rethinking of his project. In light of those discoveries, his work on the theory of knowledge has come to be understood as one contribution to his broader effort to find an adequate way to think about and respond authentically to the human condition as historical. As he once put it, “All my work has been introducing history into Catholic theology.” He was dissatisfied with the static metaphysical context of the scholastic philosophy he was taught as a young man, as well as with the historicism that was adopted by many thinkers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He refined his ideas in numerous unpublished essays, written both before and after the publication of Insight, that addressed the questions of historical process, knowledge, method, and responsibility. He has long been mistakenly categorized as a “transcendental Thomist,” and therefore rejected as a subjectivist and antirealist by many Thomist authors and teachers. It is certainly true that Lonergan was deeply indebted to the thought of Thomas Aquinas, but his studies found in Aquinas a theory of knowledge and a kind of realism that was, and still is, at odds with other prevailing Thomist interpretations. Prior to his two studies of Aquinas, he was already deeply influenced by his readings of Plato, John Henry Newman, Hegel, and Marx. These thinkers prepared him to find in Aquinas ideas that earlier scholars had overlooked—ideas that he would develop into his own unique treatments of knowledge, science, the natural world, history, truth, goodness, and God. He taught at the University of Toronto (Regis College), the Gregorian University (Rome), Harvard University, and Boston College.
正如他那一代的许多思想家一样,加拿大哲学家和神学家伯纳德·约瑟夫·弗朗西斯·泽维尔·朗纳根,SJ(生于1904-d)。1984年),试图克服他所继承的思想传统的局限性。虽然他的职业是天主教神学家,但他也发现有必要思考现代哲学、科学、现代数学、人类的历史状况、经济、伦理、艺术和教育所提出的重大问题。在他的杰作《洞察力:人类理解的研究》(1957)出版后的几十年里,他以他的知识理论而闻名。然而,在他1984年去世后,人们发现了他大量未发表的作品,这需要对他的计划进行重大反思。鉴于这些发现,他在知识理论方面的工作已被理解为对他更广泛的努力的一项贡献,即找到一种充分的方式来思考和真实地回应人类的历史状况。正如他曾经说过的,“我所有的工作都是将历史引入天主教神学。”他不满意年轻时所受的经院哲学的静态形而上学背景,也不满意19世纪和20世纪初许多思想家所采用的历史决定论。他在许多未发表的文章中完善了自己的观点,这些文章写于《洞见》出版前后,涉及历史过程、知识、方法和责任等问题。长期以来,他被错误地归类为“先验的托马斯主义者”,因此被许多托马斯主义作家和教师视为主观主义者和反现实主义者。的确,洛纳根深受托马斯·阿奎那思想的影响,但他的研究在阿奎那身上发现了一种知识理论和一种现实主义,这种理论过去是,现在仍然是,与其他盛行的托马斯主义解释不一致。在他对阿奎那进行两次研究之前,他已经深受柏拉图、约翰·亨利·纽曼、黑格尔和马克思的影响。这些思想家让他在阿奎那身上发现了一些被早期学者所忽视的思想,这些思想后来发展成为他对知识、科学、自然世界、历史、真理、善良和上帝的独特看法。他曾任教于多伦多大学(里吉斯学院)、格里高利大学(罗马)、哈佛大学和波士顿学院。
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