The Coca Leaf in Bolivian History

Susan Brewer-Osorio
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Abstract

Coca is deeply interwoven into the political, economic, and social history of Bolivia from the Inca Empire to the 21st-century rise of President Evo Morales Ayma. As such, generations of Bolivians, from powerful hacendados to peasant farmers, have resisted efforts to destroy the coca leaf. Coca is a mild herbal stimulant cultivated and consumed by indigenous Andeans for centuries, and the primary material for making the potent drug cocaine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Spanish colonizers promoted coca production on large haciendas to supply mining towns, giving rise to a powerful class of coca hacendados that formed part of Bolivia’s ruling oligarchy after independence. In the early 20th century, the coca hacendados shielded coca from international drug control. Following the 1952 Revolution, agrarian unions replaced hacendados as guardians of the coca leaf. The unions formed a powerful social movement led by Evo Morales Ayma, an indigenous leader and coca farmer, against US-led efforts to forcibly eradicate coca. During the 1990s, Morales and his allies created a political party called the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS). In late 2005, Morales was elected president of Bolivia and his new government deployed state power to protect the coca leaf.
玻利维亚历史上的古柯叶
从印加帝国到21世纪总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛的崛起,古柯深深融入了玻利维亚的政治、经济和社会历史。因此,几代玻利维亚人,从有权有势的领主到农民,都抵制摧毁古柯叶的努力。古柯是一种温和的草药兴奋剂,被土著安第斯人种植和消费了几个世纪,也是制造强效毒品可卡因的主要原料。在16世纪和17世纪,西班牙殖民者在大型庄园推广古柯生产,以供应采矿城镇,从而产生了一个强大的古柯庄园阶级,在玻利维亚独立后成为统治寡头的一部分。在20世纪初,古柯haacendados保护古柯免受国际毒品管制。在1952年革命之后,农业工会取代了haacendados成为古柯叶的守护者。这些工会形成了一场强大的社会运动,由土著领袖和古柯种植者埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛领导,反对美国领导的强行根除古柯的努力。在20世纪90年代,莫拉莱斯和他的盟友创建了一个名为“社会主义运动”(MAS)的政党。2005年底,莫拉莱斯当选玻利维亚总统,他的新政府动用国家权力保护古柯叶。
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