Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse

E. Hoek, D. Jassby, R. Kaner, Jishan Wu, Jingbo Wang, Yiming Liu, Unnati Rao
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.
可持续海水淡化和水再利用
在过去的半个世纪里,反渗透(RO)已经从一个新兴的小众技术发展成为最通用、最有效的海水淡化和先进的水处理技术。然而,在各种应用中,提高反渗透海水淡化厂的成本效益和可持续性仍然存在一定的挑战。在低压反渗透应用中,资本(CAPEX)和运营(OPEX)成本在很大程度上受到成品水采收率的影响,而成品水采收率通常受到矿物结垢地层的限制。在海水应用中,采收率往往受到盐水排放的盐度限制,而成本主要取决于能源需求。在许多地方,水资源短缺和可持续性要求的结合,正在推动系统设计朝着内陆微咸水、市政和工业废水,甚至海水淡化的最小和零液体排放(M/ZLD)的方向发展。本文回顾了反渗透工艺的基本原理、反渗透膜、模块和系统设计的最新进展,以及浓缩和处理盐水以实现MLD/ZLD、资源回收和可再生能源驱动的海水淡化系统的方法。在整个过程中,我们提供了采用传统方法和一些新方法实现高采收率RO的装置示例,这些方法适用于从咸淡地下水淡化到油气采出水处理和海水淡化的一系列应用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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