Radar Remote Sensing

Abstract

In this article, we present the basic principles of how remote sensing radars work. These include SARs (synthetic aperture radar), scatterometers, altimeters, sounders, cloud radars, and rain radars. Radars are active sensors; they provide their own illumination and therefore can be operated during day or night. An additional advantage of particularly lower-frequency radars is their ability to penetrate clouds, rain, tree canopies, and even dry soil surfaces. We start the discussion by defining the basic concepts of resolution, the radar equation, signal fading, and the geometric distortions associated with the radar imaging geometry. We also include a description of advanced SAR techniques (polarimetry, interferometry, and polarimetric interferometry) and their applications. We complete the chapter by briefly examining nonimaging radars such as scatterometers, altimeters, radar sounders, and meteorological radars. An extensive list of references is provided for each radar for readers who need an in-depth description of a particular radar. Keywords: remote sensing; radar; SAR; polarimetric SAR; interferometric SAR; polarimetric interferometry; scatterometer; altimeter; sounder; cloud radar; rain radar