Decisiones políticas y entramados jurídicos en un régimen de despojo

Abstract

espanolEl objetivo de este articulo es debatir los limites de la dimension politica del despojo de tierras en su doble expresion: las decisiones que guian la accion y su implementacion en el ejercicio de gobierno. Para ello, se referencian los dispositivos implementados por el estado mexicano para apoyar la inversion extranjera directa y para que el libre mercado disponga de tierras ejidales. Tomando como caso de estudio el ejido “Caleras de Ameche”, Guanajuato (Mexico), se analiza el manejo maniqueo de instrumentos juridicos y de otros mecanismos de coaccion para que la industria automotriz Toyota se apropie de la tierra de los ejidatarios y para que actores locales se beneficien de forma inmerecida de la valorizacion de su tierra. La dinamica observada apunta a que el regimen politico se caracteriza por una relacion social de “redistribucion coercitiva” de tierra: los actores gubernamentales ejecutan expropiaciones con criterios distintos a ejidatarios y particulares; los promotores inmobiliarios utilizan mecanismos de coaccion para acceder a la tierra; el gobierno realiza avaluos de tierra con criterios diferenciados y paga por ella segun la ubicacion de los actores en la estructura social y la empresa extranjera condiciona su inversion al gobierno estatal. Se observan actos de resistencia por parte de los ejidatarios, pero tambien una gran ambivalencia ante la presion institucional formal, de modo que terminan transigiendo con la mercantilizacion de la tierra. EnglishThe objective of this paper is to examine the political dimension of land dispossession in its twofold expression: the decisions that inform action, and its implementation in the exercise of government power. To this end, the article presents the measures taken by the Mexican government to support direct foreign investment, thus making communal land available to the free market. The communal land of “Caleras de Ameche,” in the state of Guanajuato, was chosen to analyse the Manichean use of legal instruments and of other mechanisms of duress, for a takeover of communal land by the automotive manufacturer Toyota, and for local actors to benefit undeservedly from the value added of communal land. The dynamic observed points to the fact that the political regime is characterised by a social relation of “coercive redistribution” of the land in which government officials carry out expropriations based on different criteria for communal land owners and private ones. Property developers resort to duress to access the land. Government officials appraise the land differentially, and pay for it according to the place of the actors within the social structure. Finally, the foreign corporation sets its terms of investment for the local government to comply with. Acts of resistance on the part of communal land owners have been observed, yet the owners have proved ambivalent towards formal institutional pressure, and have accepted the commodification of their land.