Conflict and Nationalist Frames

M. Desrosiers
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Abstract

In the context of nationalist and ethnic struggles, framing refers to strategic communication aimed at changing perceptions and behavior, such as persuading members of a group to unite and fight or their opponents to demobilize. The concept and theory behind framing stem from sociology, and in particular American social movements theory, where they have helped reconcile an interest in the construction of identities and “meaning work” with the study of structures that favor participation in collective endeavors. Framing not only unpacks the processes behind this form of strategic communication through notions such as alignment and resonance, but it has also produced extensive scholarship on types of frames that foster mobilization and the socio-psychological keys they play upon in so doing. Framing theory has also focused on some of the elements contributing to the success—or lack thereof—of communication aimed at persuasion. Considering that participation in crises and conflicts is an extreme form of mobilization, framing has, since the mid-2000s, made headway in conflict studies, where scholars have turned to framing processes to shed light on how people can be convinced to rally around the nationalist or ethnic flag and even take up arms in their group’s name. More recently, framing-centric approaches have been used to shed light on frames deployed in conflicts of a religious nature, as well as in the study of radicalization and the ideological or ideational framing behind it. The future of framing theory with regards to identity-based conflicts depends, however, on scholars’ ability to produce framing concepts and theoretical insights specific to conflict studies able to federate the community or researchers adopting the approach to study armed violence. As growing research on armed conflict turns to understanding the links between national and local realities, framing theorists may in addition benefit from greater attention to local frames and framing dynamics, and how they relate to the broader, elite-driven frames more commonly focused on in the study of armed violence. Finally, though so far little explored, framing proponents may stand to gain from engaging with literature using survey experiments or other promising quantitative approaches that have also sought to generate insights into ethnic relations or government representation and policy regarding crises and war.
冲突与民族主义框架
在民族主义和种族斗争的背景下,框架是指旨在改变观念和行为的战略沟通,例如说服一个群体的成员团结起来,或者说服他们的对手解散。框架背后的概念和理论源于社会学,尤其是美国社会运动理论,它们有助于调和对身份和“意义工作”建构的兴趣与对有利于参与集体努力的结构的研究。框架不仅通过对齐和共鸣等概念揭示了这种战略沟通形式背后的过程,而且还产生了关于促进动员的框架类型及其在此过程中发挥作用的社会心理关键的广泛学术研究。框架理论还关注了一些促成说服沟通成功(或失败)的因素。考虑到参与危机和冲突是一种极端的动员形式,自2000年代中期以来,框架在冲突研究中取得了进展,学者们转向框架过程,以阐明如何说服人们团结在民族主义或种族旗帜下,甚至以他们团体的名义拿起武器。最近,以框架为中心的方法被用来阐明在宗教性质的冲突中部署的框架,以及对激进化及其背后的意识形态或观念框架的研究。然而,框架理论在基于身份的冲突方面的未来取决于学者们产生框架概念和特定于冲突研究的理论见解的能力,这些概念和理论见解能够联合社区或采用该方法研究武装暴力的研究人员。随着对武装冲突的研究越来越多地转向理解国家和地方现实之间的联系,框架理论家还可能受益于对地方框架和框架动态的更多关注,以及它们如何与更广泛的、精英驱动的框架联系起来,这些框架在武装暴力研究中更常受到关注。最后,虽然到目前为止还没有被探索过,但框架的支持者可能会从使用调查实验或其他有前途的定量方法的文献中获益,这些方法也试图产生对种族关系或政府代表以及危机和战争政策的见解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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