The role of gut microbiota and nutrition features in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its course

Abstract

The study of the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and demyelinating diseases is of a particular importance. Experimental data obtained during the last 10 years shows a close connection between the immune system and the gut microbiota. In the analyzed literature, additional evidence was found that microbial involvement in immunoregulation and the influence of gut microbiota on the development of various immunomediated diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Sjogren syndrome, multiple sclerosis, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, type 1 diabetes, spondylarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Studies from recent years have shown that intestinal microbiota with the help of numerical microbial compounds, autonomic nervous system of the allocation of neurometabolites, signaling molecules, neurotransmitters has an effect on the functioning of the central nervous system, in connection with which the model of the intestinal‑cerebral axis was proposed, which involves the interregulation between CNS and intestinal microbiota. Detection of the influence of microbiota on the functioning of the immune and nervous systems raised the interest in microbiota of the intestine as an etiopathogenetic factor in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, during studies analysis, it was established that because of the nature and composition of microbiota in patients with multiple sclerosis, it is impossible to say with certainty which type of microorganisms is associated with the onset of the disease and its course. Therefore further research is aimed at the study of microbiota and the interdependence of the species composition of microorganisms necessary for clarification of the influence on methods of correction of disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. It has been established that an important element of the study of microbiota composition is the study of the nutrition, as the dietetic pattern determines the enterotype of a person and affects the concentration and distribution of microorganisms in the intestine. That is why it is necessary to combine modern methods of studying the composition of microbiota and to compare with the type of dietary pattern found in the patient.