The Public's Right of Participation: Attaining Environmental Justice in Hawai'i through Deliberative Decisionmaking

Abstract

What are the most effective means for attaining environmental justice? Environmental justice scholars such as Craig Anthony Arnold, Eileen Gauna, Luke Cole, and Sheila Foster have long advocated for a proactive strategy that emphasizes public participation in land use planning and regulation, rather than a reactive, post-hoc legal strategy.' As the environmental justice movement evolved, and proposed remedies failed, awareness grew that low-income communities of color systemically host a disproportionately high distribution of locally unwanted land uses