Thoracostomy Tubes and Mediastinal Drains

Abstract

The Thoracostomy and Mediastinal Drains chapter addresses a group of medical devices used to drain intrathoracic collections of fluid or air. A chest (thoracostomy) tube is a broad term used for a variety of hollow catheters used for pleural drainage. Occasionally, the drain is placed in the mediastinum, and in these instances the term mediastinal drain is preferred. Thoracostomy tubes are typically placed in the pleural space for treatment of pneumothorax or pleural fluid. Tube sizes range from 6F to 40F, depending on the clinical scenario. Small catheters are often placed with Seldinger technique, whereas larger tubes are usually placed with blunt dissection. The tube is typically directed towards the apex in the setting of pneumothorax and towards the posterior base for treatment of pleural fluid collections. When interpreting radiographs following chest tube placement, the radiologist should ensure that the tube and sideport are positioned within the pleural space or the desired anatomic location. It is also imperative to exclude intraparenchymal or intrafissural tube placement and tube kinking.