Contrasting temperatures, waterflows, and light: seasonal habitat selection by young Atlantic salmon and brown trout in a boreonemoral river

Abstract

Habitat use and habitat selection by young Atlantic salmon and brown trout were investigated by direct underwater observation. We sampled during winter and summer water temperatures (low: 3–7°C; high: 9–12°C) coinciding with low and high waterflows (12–20 and 60–80 m3 s−1), and during day and night in winter, and on six selected stations in the river. Observations of 396 salmon and 120 trout indicated a distinct seasonal pattern in behaviours and habitat selection. Feeding was the dominant behaviour at high water temperatures during summer. In winter, there was a diurnal pattern in behaviour; both species sheltered in interstitial spaces in the substrate during daylight, but during night held positions on or close to the substrate in slower flowing stream areas. Coarse substrate providing cover was therefore an important habitat factor during daylight at low water temperatures, while slow-flowing water was important during night. Although spatial niche overlap was considerable both in summer and winter, salmon and trout segregated with respect to meso- and microhabitat selection, and relatively more at low temperatures. Both species changed their use of mesohabitats towards more slow-flowing glide/flat habitats in winter. Irrespective of season, trout preferred in general more slow-flowing water than salmon did, but the difference was more pronounced in winter. Salmon used a wider range of water depths and in particular water velocities, than did trout. Both species were less tolerant of high water velocities at low water temperatures. The seasonal and diurnal pattern in habitat selection reported have important implications for habitat research and habitat-hydraulic modelling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.