重讀涂爾幹：社會認識論與記憶社會學間的系譜學考察

Abstract

本文旨趣有二，其一乃透過法國思考脈絡與法文閱讀來對涂爾幹進行重新耙梳。關於宗教研究的探討，筆者認為涂氏對之具有終身連續的「一貫關懷」，而與既有研究中指出的「中途轉向」說不同。另外，涂氏系列宗教研究中提出的核心命題如「神聖性之起源」及「群體之分類認識能力」，實乃導源於「社會」這個根源等見解，正是一種「知識社會學」的進路。此種特有的「集體思維」學說建立在「社會事實說」等基本預設上並開展出法式結構主義的思想風格。建立在上述對涂氏社會認識論的考察，本文欲探討涂爾幹與「涂爾幹學派」中阿部瓦克思(M. Halbwachs)之間的思想接續。作為「記憶社會學」的開創者，學界慣常指稱阿氏乃涂氏門生。但本文卻將兩人的「師徒關係」重新置疑：阿氏身上是否承襲涂氏思維的「學術DNA」？如果是，又是在那些點上有所關連？此應透過嚴謹的學術考據加以證成。透過兩人學術上核心概念的比對、基本假設的對照以及邏輯推演的相互參照，本文指出其在思想系譜上的繼承性。由此，不只反省涂氏與「涂派成員」間之關連，同時也回過頭重估涂氏學說對後世記憶研究與相關文化研究等開展之貢獻。  This article clarifies the specificity of Durkheim’s social epistemology, particularly his study of religion. Durkheim held that both “divine nature”and the collective capacity for classification are derived from “the Society.”This approach, as well as his research on “social facts” and “the dualism of human nature,” considerably influenced later sociologists. Specifically, Maurice Halbwachs inherited Durkheim’s ideas to develop his theory on the sociology of memory from a social psychology perspective. By comparing their core concepts, theoretical assumptions, and inferences, this article identifies the theoretical genealogy between Durkheim and Halbwachs. Additionally, it highlights the contributions of some Durkheimian perspectives to the development of cultural studies.