On the Nature of the Wolf Species

Abstract

Chapter 23 focuses on wolves (gurg). This class of evil animals includes not only wolves proper, but also tigers, lions, owls, shark, and other species; some of these, such as the garzag, cannot be identified. The chapter describes how wolves were created directly by Ahriman. As in the case of other vermin, killing wolves is a virtuous act, and it is likely that there was a standard calculation for how many sins could be forgiven for each wolf killed.