Conceivable Challenges Heads of Schools Face in Managing School-Based Income-Generating Activities Among Public Secondary Schools in Kilimanjaro Region – Tanzania

Lucretia Kilire Njau, E. Lyamtane, E. Ogoti
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Abstract

This study explored and examined the conceivable challenges heads of schools face in managing School-Based Income-Generating Activities (SB-IGAs) in public secondary schools in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Guided by Resource Dependency Theory, the study adopted the embedded model of convergent design under a mixed research approach for concurrent data collection and analysis. Probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used to obtain 36 Heads of Schools (HOSs), 360 Teachers, 432 Students, and 6 District Education Officers. The quantitative data were descriptively analyzed through frequencies and percentages, and presented in tables, whereas qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed in themes emerging, and explained in words supported by verbatim quotations. The study found that inadequate knowledge and shortage of funds as initial capital were stumbling blocks that prevented the advancement and stability of SB-IGAs. The study also revealed that there was the inadequacy of land set aside and insufficient water supply that was explicitly meant for SB-IGAs in public secondary schools. The study concluded that inadequacy of land, insufficient water supply, lack of transparency, lack of motivation and inadequate funds as initiation capital are the core challenges that prevent the advancement of SB-IGAs and thus hinder financial sustainability in public secondary schools in Kilimanjaro region. Therefore, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should develop and adopt clear strategies for resolving challenges that HOSs face in managing SB-IGAs in public secondary schools in Tanzania.
坦桑尼亚乞力马扎罗州公立中学校长在管理以学校为基础的创收活动时可能面临的挑战
本研究探讨并考察了坦桑尼亚乞力马扎罗州公立中学校长在管理以学校为基础的创收活动(bs - igas)时可能面临的挑战。本研究以资源依赖理论为指导,采用混合研究方法下的融合设计嵌入式模型,实现数据的并发采集与分析。采用概率和非概率抽样方法,共获得36名校长、360名教师、432名学生和6名地区教育干事。定量数据通过频率和百分比进行描述性分析,并以表格形式呈现,而定性数据则在出现的主题中进行转录和分析,并用逐字引用的文字进行解释。研究发现,知识不足和缺乏作为初始资本的资金是阻碍sb - iga发展和稳定的绊脚石。该研究还显示,预留的土地不足,公立中学明确用于SB-IGAs的供水不足。该研究得出的结论是,土地不足、供水不足、缺乏透明度、缺乏动力和作为启动资本的资金不足是阻碍中小学校政府间协议推进的核心挑战,从而阻碍了乞力马扎罗山地区公立中学的财务可持续性。因此,该研究建议,教育、科学和技术部应该制定和采用明确的战略,以解决高等学校在坦桑尼亚公立中学管理小学- igas方面面临的挑战。
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