Polyphenolic Profile and Comparative Study on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts From all Parts of Gymnocarpos decander Forsk.

Abstract

In the current study, methanolic and selective extracts from different parts of Gymnocarpos decander were screened for total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol and condensed tannin contents. The antioxidant activity of extracts was also determined. The highest values of total contents of phenolics (156.097 ± 2.312 mg GAE/g DM), flavonoids (14.878 ± 0.275 mg CE/g DM), condensed tannins (39.388 ± 1.599 mg CE/g DM) and flavonols (6.506 ± 1.021 mg QE/g DM) were found in flowers. The most powerful antioxidant was found in the methanolic extract of flowers (32.27 ± 2.400 mg AAE/g DM). Tannins extracted from flowers showed an interesting antioxidant activity to trap the 1,1-Diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (0.063 ± 0.000 mg/mL) and to reduce iron absorption (0.083 ± 0.004 mg/mL). The highest activity in the β-carotene test was found in the butanolic fraction of flowers (0.314 ± 0.008 mg/mL). A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis allowed the detection of quercetin, -coumaric acid and naringenin in the ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions of flowers, and also vanillic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of flowers. REFERENCES: Abu Zarin, M.H., Isha A., & Armania,N. (2016). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicpotential of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang. Foodscience and humain wellness, 5, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.02.001Ahmed, S., Hasan, M.M., & Mahmood, Z.A. (2016). Antiurolithiatic plants in differentcountries and cultures. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5,102–115.https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue1/PartB/4-4-45.pdf.Ashraful, A., Subhan, N., Mahbubur, R, Reza, H., & Sarker, S. (2014). Effect of CitrusFlavonoids, Naringin and Naringenin, on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Mechanismsof Action. Advanced Nutrients, 5, 404–417. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005603.Baba Aïssa, F. (1999). Encyclopédie des plantes utiles. Ed : Librairie Moderne Rouïba.Alger, pp 368.Bate-Smith, E. (1962). The phenolic constituents of plants and their taxonomic significance.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 95–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1962.tb00890.xBechlem, H., Mencherini, T., Bouheroum, M., Benayache, S, Cotugno, R., Braca, A., & DeTommasi, N. (2017). New Constituents from Gymnocarpos decander .Planta Medica,83,1200–1206. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111599 Beddou, F., Bekhechi, C., Ksouri, R., Chabane Sari, D., & Atik Bekkara, F. (2014). Potentialassessment of Rumex vesicarius L. as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactivecompounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 3549–3560.doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1420-9Bekkara, F., Jay, M., Viricel, M.R., & Rome, S. (1998). Distribution of phenolic compoundswithin seed and seedlings of two Vicia faba cvs differing in their seed tannin content,and study of their seed and root phenolic exudations. Plant Soil, 203, 27–36.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004365913726Belyagoubi‑Benhammou, N., Belyagoubi, L., El Zerey‑Belaskri, A., Zitouni, A.,Ghembaza, N., Benhassaini, H., & Atik‑Bekkara, F., Piras, A., Falconieri, D., Rosa,A. (2018). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. fruitfatty oil from Algeria. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterisation, 12 ,1408–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9755-yBenhammou, N., Atik-Bekkara, F., & Kadifkova-Panovska, T. (2009). Antioxidant activityof methanolic extracts and some bioactive compounds of Atriplex halimus. ComptesRendus Chimie, 12, 1259–1266. Doi : 10.1016/j.crci.2009.02.004Bouaziz, M., Dhouib, A., Loukil, S., Boukhris, M., & Sayadi, S. (2009). Polyphenols content,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of some wild plants collected fromthe south of Tunisia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 7017–7027.doi:10.4314/ajb.v8i24.68789Bouchelta, A., Boughdad, A., & Blenzar, A. (2005). Effets biocides des alcaloïdes, dessaponines et des flavonoïdes extraits de Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae) surBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera :Aleyrodidae). Biotechnologie, AgronomieSociété et Environnnement, 9, 259–269. https://popups.uliege.be/1780-4507/text/v9n4/259.pdfGhembaza, N., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N., Zitouni, A., Toul, F., Michalet, S., & AtikBekkara, F. (2021). Rapid identification analysis of chemical constituents of Sedumvillosum L. (Orpin.) by UHPLC-DAD-HRSM. Journal of Natural Products Researchand Applications, 1, 15–23.https://ojs.univ-tlemcen.dz/index.php/JNPRA/article/view/967/852Hasbal, G., Yilmaz-Ozden, T., & Can, A. (2014). Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesteraseactivities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits. Journal of food anddrug analysis, 23, 57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.06.006.Hertog, M.G., Hollman, P.C.H., & Venema, D.P. (1992). Optimization of a quantitativeHPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 1591–1598.https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00021a023Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Jamalian A., Sarkarzadeh, H., & Nasiri, A. (2008). Composition ofEssential Oil of Gymnocarpos decander Forrssk. from Iran. Journal of Essential OilResearch, 20, 477–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700062 Julkunen-Titto, R. (1985). Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern Willows methodsfor the analysis of certain phenolics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 33,213–217. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a013Kaiser, J., Yassin, M., Prakash, S., Safi, N., Agami, M., Lauw, S., Ostrozhenkova ,E., Bacher,A., Rohdich, F., Eisenreich, W., Safi, J., & Galan-Goldhirsh, A.(2007). Anti-malarialdrug targets: screening for inhibitors of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate synthase(IspC protein) in Mediterranean plants. Phytomedicine, 14, 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.018.Khan, N., Akhtar, M.S., Khan, B.A., Braga, V., & Reich, A . (2015). Antiobesity,hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Achyranthes aspera seedsaponins in high cholesterol fed albino rats. Archives of medicale science, 11, 1261–1271. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.56353Kumaran, A., & Karunakaran, R.J. (2007). In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extractsof five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie,40, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.011Kumaran, S.P., Kutty, B.C., Chatterji, A., Subrayan, P.P., & Mishra, K.P. (2007).Radioprotection against DNA damage by an extract of Indian green mussel. Pernaviridis (L). Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology, 26, 263–272.doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v26.i4.30.Mabry, T. (1980). Betalains. In: Bell E, Charwood B, eds. Encyclopedia of plant physiology,secondary plant products. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, pp 513–533.Maiza, K., Hammiche, V., & Maiza-benabdesselam, F. (2011). Traditional medicine in northSahara: the “Deffi”. Life Sciences Leaflets, 16, 551–560.Manyou, Y., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J. , Ana I. R. N., & Barros, A. (2021). Phytochemicaland antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food andpharmaceutical resources. Scientific reports, 11, 10041. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89437-4Moure, A., Franco, D., Sineiro, J., Dominguez, H., Nunez, M.J., & Lem, J.M. (2000).Evaluation of extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 3890–3897. doi: 10.1021/jf000048w.Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine.Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307–315.http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidantcapacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific applicationto the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337–341. doi:10.1006/abio.1999.4019.Razali, N., Razab, R., Mat Junit, S., & Abdul Aziz, A. (2008). Radical scavenging andreducing properties of extracts of cashew shoots (Anacardium occidentale). FoodChemistry, 111, 38–44. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.024 Sadeghi, Z., Valizadeh, J., Shermeh, O., & Akaberi, M. (2015). Antioxidant activity and totalphenolic content of Boerhavia elegans(choisy) grown in Baluchestan, Iran. Americanjournal of psychiatry, 5, 1–9.Sanchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure theantiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of food and Agriculture,76, 270–276.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9Shaik, Y.B., Castellani, M.L., Perrella, A., Conti, F., Salini, V., Tete, S., Madhappan,B., Vecchiet, J., De Lutiis, M.A., Caraffa, A., & Cerulli, G. (2006). Role of quercetin(a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. Journal of BiologicalRegulators and Homeostatic Agents. 20, 47–52.Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16,144–158.Sikder, K., Das, N., Kesh, SB., & Dey, S. (2014). Quercetin and B-sitosterol prevents highfat diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatotoxicity in swiss albino mice. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology, 52, 60–66.Subburaman, S., Ganesan K., & Ramachandran M. (2014). Protective role of naringeninagainst doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model: histopathology and mRNAexpression profile studies. Journal of Environnemental Patholology, Toxicology andOncology, 33, 363–376. doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014010625.Tanaka, Y., Sasaki, N., & Ohmiya, A. (2008). Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins,betalains and carotenoids. The Plant Journal, 54, 733–749. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03447.x.Tarhouni, M., Ben Salem, F., Ouled Belgacem, A., & Neffati, M. (2010). Acceptability ofplant species along grazing gradients around watering points in Tunisian arid zone.Flora, 205, 454-461. DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2009.12.020Toul, F.