Migration Crises as Challenges to EU Security: History of Development and Current Condition

Abstract

Problem setting. In countries with democratic regimes at the constitutional level (and Ukraine is no exception), a person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized as the highest social value (including in Ukraine), because it forms the physical and intellectual potential of the country, ensures the existence of the system of state bodies through the taxation system, and the competitiveness of the nation in the international arena. In such regimes, the people themselves, as a collection of individuals, are recognized as the source of political power. Statements similar in content are also reflected in the Founding Treaties of the European Union, which enshrine the key goals and values of the EU, the basic principles of the European Union. Thus, Article 2 of the Treaty on the European Union defines the basic values of the EU as human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, human rights, in particular of persons belonging to minorities. In addition, there is no objection to the fact that the European Union (beginning with its history from the time of the Communities) has today developed to the level of a unique integration association that has a large number of attractive characteristics for migration, primarily of an organizational and economic nature (4 freedom of movement within the EU, a single customs area, a common border, etc.). Therefore, the issue of demographic security is one of the main goals of regulating the migration policy of the EU member states to ensure the stable development of the countries. Otherwise, demographic problems can easily destabilize the normal functioning of the state in various spheres of its life (economic, political, cultural, religious, social). The subject matter of our research acquires special importance considering the fact that migration policy is assigned to the exclusive competence of the EU, not the member states. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The study of such a phenomenon as migration, its factors and consequences, historical analysis, assessment of its positive and negative sides are devoted to the work of such scientists as M. Weiner, B. Yuskiv, O. Oleksiv, R. Rachynskyi, O. Zastavna. Target of the research is to investigate the causes and consequences of migration flows, their historical origins, to analyze the migration crisis of 2015-2016 in the European Union, to consider the draft Pact on Migration and Asylum, which is intended to be a significant step towards the creation of a reliable and effective migration management system. Article’s main body. The main factors of migration flows are established: “classical (natural) factors” and those caused by “governmental-determined” governments. The historical and legal development of EU visa policy is analyzed. Normative legal acts regulating the sphere of legal status of refugees, citizens of third countries who are long-term residents, migrants and asylum seekers have been studied. The evaluation of the EU migration policy is given and its significant shortcomings are emphasized, namely its inefficiency, high cost and short-sightedness. The EU “migration crisis” of 2015-2016, the unbalanced distribution of migrants between EU member states, which is a violation of the quota-based refugee admission plan, is considered. The positive and negative sides of migration, which influence the internal policy of the member states, are weighed. An analysis of the new EU Migration and Asylum Pact, which opens up the possibility for more effective migration management in Europe, based on commitment to human rights and respect for the dignity of migrants, setting rules on how member states can show solidarity. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors claim that the policy of multiculturalism of the EU was effective precisely in the relatively calm second half of the 20th century, and before the beginning of armed conflicts in the East (Iraq, Syria, etc.) in the 21st century. In article proposed approaches to solving migration crisis issues, its occurrence, typification and ways to overcome it. The new Pact on Migration and Asylum was given a positive assessment and its principles were defined.