The role of miRNAs in the development of hepatobiliary diseases

Abstract

The role of miRNA in the development of hepatobiliary diseases is considered in the scientific review. To write the article, information was searched using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library databases. The authors provided information on the generation of a certain spectrum of miRNA by diffe­rent types of cells of the hepatobiliary system. The authors state that miR-122-5p, miR-101, miR-192, miR-193, miR-194, ­miR-802 are hepatocyte-associated microRNAs. It is known that nume­rous microRNAs are involved in the regulation of the inflammatory process: miR-21, miR-29a, miR-96, miR-122, miR-125b, ­miR-132, miR-155, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181 and let-7. Among the many microRNAs involved in the regulation of inflammation in the liver, miR-122 and miR-155 are the most stu­died. It is stated that microRNAs such as let-7d, miR-15b, ­miR-19b, ­miR-21, ­miR-24, miR-29c, miR-122, miR-145, ­miR-155, ­miR-199, miR-200c, miR-378a are the most important modulators for the activity of fibrosis development in various tissues of the body, including liver tissue. MicroRNAs involved in the development of TGF-β1-induced liver fibrosis are presented. Scientists believe that since microRNAs regulate the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis of cells, they are factors that significantly affect the development of hepatobiliary tumors. It is emphasized that changes in miRNA profile in liver tissue or blood serum have their diagnostic value. Modulations of microRNAs are shown, which are associated with specific diseases of the liver and biliary tract with a high degree of probability. Thus, various miRNAs play an important role in the development of hepatobiliary diseases. A certain spectrum of ­miRNAs is generated by different cell types and plays an important role in the maturation and functioning of the hepatobiliary system. MicroRNAs indirectly participate in the synthesis of proteins, differentiation of cells, tissues and play an important pathogenetic role in the development of hepatobiliary diseases. The most important feature of microRNAs is their high resistance to the action of enzymatic substances, which allows them to be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.