The jewish question in the concept of socialist zionism by Moses Hess

O. Bezarov
{"title":"The jewish question in the concept of socialist zionism by Moses Hess","authors":"O. Bezarov","doi":"10.31861/hj2023.57.150-158","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The famous German revolutionary activist and publicist of Jewish origin Moses (Moritz) Hess (1812–1875) left a noticeable mark in the history of the formation of the ideology of Zionism, being one of the first to formulate the socialist principles of the future Jewish state.The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the concept of socialist Zionism, which M. Hess substantiated in the 1860s, was several decades ahead of the development of the ideology of Zionism itself, and also at the beginning of the 20th century determined the emergence of the ideas of Jewish socialism, which were reflected in the activities of the relevant revolutionary parties, especially in the Russian Empire (Poalei Zion, Zionist Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Jewish Workers Party, Tseirei Zion and others). Considering the importance of the conceptual ideas of M. Hess in the further development of the ideology of Jewish nationalism and socialism, it is worth analyzing the evolution of the ideas of M. Hess and determining his views on the solution of the Jewish question in the Western European countries of that time.The conclusions state that the emancipation policy applied by Western European states to the Jewish population in the first half of the 19th century, according to Hess, could not solve the Jewish question. Emancipation only created tension in the relations between Jews and non-Jews, because the latter chose the national principle of development. The non-Jewish society of Western Europe generally excluded Jews from its ideology of national culture. Hess rightly noted the contradictions of the policy of emancipation, which was based on the civilization ideas of the Great French Revolution, but was carried out under the condition of the national elevation of the European peoples. However, in the agrarian societies of Eastern Europe, the above-mentioned phenomena did not acquire the character of an open confrontation between Jews and non-Jews due to the weakly developed national factor and the noticeable influence of traditions. It was the last circumstance that inspired Hess in his concept of socialist Zionism. The religious idea of the collective immortality of the Jewish people should soon be embodied in «earthly Jerusalem», that is, in Jewish statehood on the territory of Palestine. However, the future Jewish republic, according to Hess’s ideas, will certainly be socialist, because the traditional society of Jews, especially in Eastern Europe, was socialist, that is, collectivist. The historical significance of Hess’s ideas was that he was one of the first Western European thinkers to warn of the dangers of the policy of emancipation of the Jewish people, which hid the threat of assimilation on the one hand, and racial anti-Semitism on the other hand. In the second half of the 19th century anti-Semitism in the countries of Western Europe became a noticeable factor not only in the development of national movements, but also influenced the ideological and political debate within socialist groups and parties, whose leaders were forced to take into account the national characteristics of the revolutionary struggle for the ideals of social justice. If we evaluate the concept of Hess through the prism of the revolutionary processes in the development of the Jewish people of Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, we can state that his ideas turned out to be a true prophecy, and the creation of the Jewish state in the middle of the same century was a natural result of the complex process of the national revival of the Jewish people.","PeriodicalId":447177,"journal":{"name":"History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31861/hj2023.57.150-158","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The famous German revolutionary activist and publicist of Jewish origin Moses (Moritz) Hess (1812–1875) left a noticeable mark in the history of the formation of the ideology of Zionism, being one of the first to formulate the socialist principles of the future Jewish state.The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the concept of socialist Zionism, which M. Hess substantiated in the 1860s, was several decades ahead of the development of the ideology of Zionism itself, and also at the beginning of the 20th century determined the emergence of the ideas of Jewish socialism, which were reflected in the activities of the relevant revolutionary parties, especially in the Russian Empire (Poalei Zion, Zionist Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Jewish Workers Party, Tseirei Zion and others). Considering the importance of the conceptual ideas of M. Hess in the further development of the ideology of Jewish nationalism and socialism, it is worth analyzing the evolution of the ideas of M. Hess and determining his views on the solution of the Jewish question in the Western European countries of that time.The conclusions state that the emancipation policy applied by Western European states to the Jewish population in the first half of the 19th century, according to Hess, could not solve the Jewish question. Emancipation only created tension in the relations between Jews and non-Jews, because the latter chose the national principle of development. The non-Jewish society of Western Europe generally excluded Jews from its ideology of national culture. Hess rightly noted the contradictions of the policy of emancipation, which was based on the civilization ideas of the Great French Revolution, but was carried out under the condition of the national elevation of the European peoples. However, in the agrarian societies of Eastern Europe, the above-mentioned phenomena did not acquire the character of an open confrontation between Jews and non-Jews due to the weakly developed national factor and the noticeable influence of traditions. It was the last circumstance that inspired Hess in his concept of socialist Zionism. The religious idea of the collective immortality of the Jewish people should soon be embodied in «earthly Jerusalem», that is, in Jewish statehood on the territory of Palestine. However, the future Jewish republic, according to Hess’s ideas, will certainly be socialist, because the traditional society of Jews, especially in Eastern Europe, was socialist, that is, collectivist. The historical significance of Hess’s ideas was that he was one of the first Western European thinkers to warn of the dangers of the policy of emancipation of the Jewish people, which hid the threat of assimilation on the one hand, and racial anti-Semitism on the other hand. In the second half of the 19th century anti-Semitism in the countries of Western Europe became a noticeable factor not only in the development of national movements, but also influenced the ideological and political debate within socialist groups and parties, whose leaders were forced to take into account the national characteristics of the revolutionary struggle for the ideals of social justice. If we evaluate the concept of Hess through the prism of the revolutionary processes in the development of the Jewish people of Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, we can state that his ideas turned out to be a true prophecy, and the creation of the Jewish state in the middle of the same century was a natural result of the complex process of the national revival of the Jewish people.
摩西·赫斯社会主义锡安主义概念中的犹太人问题
著名的德国革命活动家和犹太裔宣传家摩西(莫里茨)赫斯(Moses (Moritz) Hess, 1812-1875)在犹太复国主义思想形成的历史上留下了显著的印记,他是最早提出未来犹太国家社会主义原则的人之一。这项研究的相关性取决于这样一个事实,即赫斯在19世纪60年代证实的社会主义犹太复国主义的概念,比犹太复国主义意识形态本身的发展早了几十年,而且在20世纪初决定了犹太社会主义思想的出现,这些思想反映在相关革命政党的活动中,特别是在俄罗斯帝国(Poalei Zion,犹太复国主义社会主义工人党,社会主义犹太工人党,锡安Tseirei Zion等)。考虑到赫斯的概念思想对犹太民族主义和社会主义思想的进一步发展的重要性,我们有必要分析赫斯思想的演变,并确定他对当时西欧国家犹太人问题解决方案的看法。结论表明,西欧国家在19世纪上半叶对犹太人实行的解放政策,根据赫斯的说法,并不能解决犹太人的问题。解放只造成了犹太人和非犹太人之间关系的紧张,因为后者选择了民族的发展原则。西欧非犹太社会普遍将犹太人排除在其民族文化意识形态之外。赫斯正确地指出了解放政策的矛盾,解放政策是以法国大革命的文明思想为基础的,但却是在欧洲各国人民民族提升的条件下实施的。然而,在东欧的农业社会中,由于民族因素的薄弱和传统的明显影响,上述现象并没有获得犹太人与非犹太人公开对抗的特征。正是最后一种情况激发了赫斯的社会主义犹太复国主义概念。犹太民族集体不朽的宗教观念应该很快体现在“尘世的耶路撒冷”上,即在巴勒斯坦领土上建立犹太国家。然而,根据赫斯的观点,未来的犹太共和国,肯定会是社会主义的,因为犹太人的传统社会,尤其是东欧的犹太人,是社会主义的,也就是集体主义的。赫斯思想的历史意义在于,他是最早警告犹太人解放政策危险的西欧思想家之一,这种政策一方面隐藏了同化的威胁,另一方面也隐藏了种族反犹太主义。19世纪下半叶,西欧各国的反犹太主义不仅成为民族运动发展的一个显著因素,而且影响了社会主义团体和政党内部的意识形态和政治辩论,这些团体和政党的领导人被迫考虑到争取社会正义理想的革命斗争的民族特点。如果我们从20世纪初东欧犹太民族发展的革命进程的角度来评价赫斯的思想,我们可以说,他的思想被证明是一个真实的预言,而同一世纪中叶犹太国家的建立是犹太民族民族复兴的复杂过程的自然结果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信