Experimental Study of Breaching of an Earthen Dam using a Fuse Plug Model

Abstract

Failure of dams due to overtopping is among the most frequent forms of embankment failures. Owing to massive and wide spread damage to structures and loss of lives associated with a dam failure, the subject has drawn the attention of scientists. The study also becomes essential for damage assessment and for development of early warning system of people downstream of the embankment. The rate of breaching of earthen embankments due to overtopping depends upon the soil and flow characteristics alike. Different input parameters that help in understanding the phenomenon are the temporal variation of initiation of the breach, breach width, breach depth, intensity of discharge and its time-to-peak. Present paper gives the results of laboratory investigation conducted using a wooden fuse plug and five different soils. The hydraulic conditions were kept same for all the experiments. It was observed that cohesiveness and degree of compaction were key factors in the erosion process. While for pure non-cohesive soils, surface erosion occurred gradually, but for the cohesive soils, headcut erosion was observed. The behaviour of breach depends upon dimensions of fuse plug, type of fill material, reservoir capacity and inflow. A common equation has been fitted to the series of normalized breach flow hydrographs of different soils. The equation has a coefficient of correlation r2 equal to 0.8 indicating a good fit. Limited space of the storage reservoir on the upstream of the embankment, and width of the flume are the limitations of the study.