The biology of Zymomonas.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2 OCCURRENCE OF ZYMOMONAS AND HISTORY OF ISOLATIONS ..... ....... 2 Ciders and Perries ..................................................... 2 Fermenting Agave Sap ...................., 5 Beer.................... 5 Fermenting Palm Sap.................... 6 Fermenting Sugarcane Sap ......................... 8 Ripening Honey ............................ 9 Some Technological Applications ......................... 9 Therapeutic Use ............................ 10 History of Individual Strains ......................... 10 DETECTION, ISOLATION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENUS ZYMOMONAS ........................ 10 Detection ........................ 10 Isolation.................................................................... 10 Identification................................................................ 11 Some Commonly Used Media and Growth Conditions ....... ................... 11 TAXONOMY OF ZYMOMONAS................................................. 13 Numerical Analysis of the Phenotype .......... ............................... 13 DNA Base Composition and DNA Genome Size ........ ........................ 15 Genome-DNA Relatedness ................ .................................... 15 Similarity of Protein Electropherograms ......... ............................. 16 Infrared Spectra of Intact Cells............................................... 16 Serology ................................................................ 16 Classification and Nomenclature ............ ................................. 18 Relationship Between Zgmomonas and Other Genera ....... ................... 20 PHENOTYPICAL DESCRIPTION: MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY ............... ................................. 22 The Cell ................................................................ 22 Cell morphology ........................................................... 22 Macromorphology ......................................................... 22 Cellular composition ....................................................... 22 Resting cells and starvation ............... ................................. 23 Growth Response to Different Conditions ......... ............................ 23 Growth in some ordinary media ........... ................................. 23 Growth in the liquid synthttic medium of Kluyver and Hoppenbrouwers ...... 23 Growth at different pH values ............. ................................. 23 Growth at different temperatures ........... ................................ 24 Thermal death point ....................................................... 24 Growth in the presence of ethanol ........... ............................... 24 Growth in high glucose concentrations ...................................... 24 Growth in the presence of KCN ............................................. 24 Growth in the presence of NaCl ........... ................................. 24 Growth in the presence of 0.01% Acti-dione ................................. 24 Growth in the presence of oxgall ............ .................... 24 Growth in the presence of 0.1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride ..... ...... 24 Growth in the presence of 0.01% thallium acetate ........ .................... 25 Growth in the presence of 0.001% cadmium sulfate ....... ................... 25 Growth in the presence of the vibriostatic agent 0/129 ........................ 25 Tolerance to SO .................... ........................................ 25 Growth in the presence of dyes ................... .......................... 25 Reduction of dyes and HgC12 .............................................. 25 Growth in the presence of antibiotics ............. .......................... 25 Carbohydrate Metabolism .................................................... 25 Metabolism of glucose and fructose .............. ........................... 25 Metabolism of sucrose: fermentation and levan formation ...... .............. 29 Other carbon sources ...................................................... 29 Formation of acetaldehyde................................................. 30