Leaf Damage in Cool-season Grasses Subjected to Simulated Hoof Pressures

Paul W. Bartholomew, Robert D. Williams
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Abstract

Although grazing animals may potentially damage grass tissues, few reported estimates of susceptibility of different species or cultivars to trampling exist, and no standard method of leaf tissue damage measurement has been established. Experiments were undertaken with excised sections of leaf material of tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] to evaluate damage caused by applied pressures, ranging in 400 kPa increments from 0 to 2000 kPa, and the incremental effect of tissue shearing while under pressure. Tissue damage was evaluated by estimation of electrolyte leakage from pressed leaf sections or by using a fluorometer to measure change in photosynthetic efficiency up to 72 h after treatment. Electrolyte leakage showed significant increases with increased applied pressure, and differences among species or among tall fescue cultivars were apparent. Among species tested, Italian ryegrass was the most, and smooth bromegrass and orchardgrass the least, susceptible to pressure damage. Photosynthetic efficiency did not consistently change according to pressure treatments. The experiments showed that significant leaf tissue damage could occur as a result of applied point pressures within the range of hoof pressures reported. Electrolyte leakage offers a means of assessing the susceptibility of forages to damage by trampling.

模拟蹄压力对冷季禾草叶片的伤害
虽然放牧动物可能会对草组织造成潜在的伤害,但目前很少有关于不同物种或品种对践踏的敏感性的报道,也没有建立衡量叶片组织损伤的标准方法。以高羊茅(scheonorus phoenix, Scop.)的叶片材料为材料进行了实验。光滑的雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss),果园草(Dactylis glomerata L.)和意大利黑麦草[Lolium perenne L. ssp.]。multiflorum (Lam)。Husnot]评估施加压力(从0到2000 kPa的400 kPa增量)造成的损伤,以及在压力下组织剪切的增量效应。组织损伤评估通过估计电解液从压叶片部分泄漏或通过使用荧光计测量光合效率的变化,直到处理后72小时。电解质泄漏随施加压力的增加而显著增加,且不同种间和不同品种间差异明显。受压力损害的品种中,意大利黑麦草最多,黄雀花和果园草最少。光合效率不随压力处理而变化。实验表明,在报道的蹄压力范围内,施加点压力可能导致叶片组织损伤。电解质泄漏提供了一种评估牧草对践踏损害的敏感性的方法。
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