Biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the humoral immunoresponse: a systematic review of evidence to support global policy-level actions and research

Shalini Nair, Xinguang Chen
{"title":"Biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the humoral immunoresponse: a systematic review of evidence to support global policy-level actions and research","authors":"Shalini Nair,&nbsp;Xinguang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.glohj.2021.11.005","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>In this review, we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies. We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity, transmission potential, and prognosis.</p></div><div><h3>Data Sources and Methods</h3><p>Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications. Search terms included: “Novel Coronavirus” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “2019-nCoV” AND “Immunity” OR “Immune Response” OR “Antibody Response” OR “Immunologic Response”. Studies published from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 were included. To ensure validity, papers in pre-print were excluded.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of 2 889 identified papers, 36 were included. Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection, followed by a plateau. A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations. This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance. However, overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection. Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short, suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic. Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention. Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73164,"journal":{"name":"Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 38-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603838/pdf/","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2414644721000919","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1

Abstract

Background

Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.

Objective

In this review, we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies. We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity, transmission potential, and prognosis.

Data Sources and Methods

Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications. Search terms included: “Novel Coronavirus” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “2019-nCoV” AND “Immunity” OR “Immune Response” OR “Antibody Response” OR “Immunologic Response”. Studies published from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 were included. To ensure validity, papers in pre-print were excluded.

Results

Of 2 889 identified papers, 36 were included. Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection, followed by a plateau. A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations. This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance. However, overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.

Conclusion

Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection. Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short, suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic. Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention. Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)生物学和体液免疫反应:支持全球政策层面行动和研究的证据系统综述
背景控制2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行既需要人群水平的流行病学数据,也需要个体水平的生物学数据。人口层面的数据可以广泛获得,抗击COVID-19的努力产生了大量关于病原体严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)的生物学和免疫反应的数据。但是,关于这个问题的系统数据仍然缺乏。目的在本综述中,我们试图从最新的同行评议研究中提取有关SARS-CoV-2的生物学和免疫反应的系统数据。我们将重点关注病毒的生物学和免疫变异,这是决定长期免疫、传播潜力和预后的关键。数据来源和方法speer评审的文章来自PubMed数据库,并通过滚雪球搜索选定的出版物。搜索条件包括:“新型冠状病毒”或“COVID-19”或“SARS-CoV-2”或“2019-nCoV”和“免疫”或“免疫反应”或“抗体反应”或“免疫反应”。纳入了2019年12月31日至2020年12月31日发表的研究。为确保有效性,未预印本的论文被排除在外。结果2 889篇文献中,共纳入36篇。来自这些研究的证据表明,感染SARS-CoV-2的患者存在早期血清转化。抗体滴度在感染后两周明显增加,随后进入平稳期。与轻度或无症状的COVID-19患者相比,重症患者的免疫反应更为强烈。这种趋势在抗体维持时间方面持续存在。然而,总体免疫力似乎在感染后两到三个月内下降。结论本研究结果表明,对SARS-CoV-2的免疫反应遵循病毒感染的一般模式。通过自然感染产生的免疫力似乎是短暂的,这表明需要长期努力来控制大流行。抗体检测对于衡量疫情并为有效治疗和预防战略的决策提供信息至关重要。需要进一步的研究来阐明免疫球蛋白的特异性作用和中和抗体活性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Public Health and Health Policy
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信