A regional comparison of children's blood cadmium, lead, and mercury in rural, urban and industrial areas of six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco.

IF 1.4 4区 医学 Q3 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Františka Hrubá, Milena Černá, Chunying Chen, Florencia Harari, Milena Horvat, Kvetoslava Koppová, Andrea Krsková, Jawhar Laamech, Yu-Feng Li, Lina Löfmark, Thomas Lundh, Badiaa Lyoussi, Darja Mazej, Joško Osredkar, Krystyna Pawlas, Natalia Pawlas, Adam Prokopowicz, Gerda Rentschler, Janja Snoj Tratnik, Johan Sommar, Věra Spěváčková, Zdravko Špirić, Staffan Skerfving, Ingvar A Bergdahl
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objectives: The authors aimed to evaluate whether blood cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) in children differ regionally in 9 countries, and to identify factors correlating with exposure.

Material and methods: The authors performed a cross-sectional study of children aged 7-14 years, living in 2007-2008 in urban, rural, or potentially polluted ("hot spot") areas (ca. 50 children from each area, in total 1363 children) in 6 European and 3 non-European countries. The authors analyzed Cd, Pb, and total Hg in blood and collected information on potential determinants of exposure through questionnaires. Regional differences in exposure levels were assessed within each country.

Results: Children living near industrial "hot-spots" had B-Cd 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4-1.9) times higher in the Czech Republic and 2.1 (95% CI:1.6-2.8) times higher in Poland, as compared to urban children in the same countries (geometric means [GM]: 0.13 μg/l and 0.15 μg/l, respectively). Correspondingly, B-Pb in the "hot spot" areas was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6-2.1) times higher than in urban areas in Slovakia and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9-2.7) times higher in Poland (urban GM: 19.4 μg/l and 16.3 μg/l, respectively). In China and Morocco, rural children had significantly lower B-Pb than urban ones (urban GM: 64 μg/l and 71 μg/l, respectively), suggesting urban exposure from leaded petrol, water pipes and/or coal-burning. Hg "hot spot" areas in China had B-Hg 3.1 (95% CI: 2.7-3.5) times higher, and Ecuador 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2-1.9) times higher, as compared to urban areas (urban GM: 2.45 μg/l and 3.23 μg/l, respectively). Besides industrial exposure, traffic correlated with B-Cd; male sex, environmental tobacco smoke, and offal consumption with B-Pb; and fish consumption and amalgam fillings with B-Hg. However, these correlations could only marginally explain regional differences.

Conclusions: These mainly European results indicate that some children experience about doubled exposures to toxic elements just because of where they live. These exposures are unsafe, identifiable, and preventable and therefore call for preventive actions. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(3):349-64.

六个欧洲国家以及中国、厄瓜多尔和摩洛哥农村、城市和工业区儿童血镉、铅和汞的区域比较。
目的:作者旨在评估9个国家儿童血液中镉(B-Cd)、铅(B-Pb)和汞(B-Hg)含量是否存在地区差异,并确定与接触相关的因素。材料和方法:作者对6个欧洲和3个非欧洲国家的7-14岁儿童进行了横断面研究,这些儿童生活在2007-2008年的城市、农村或潜在污染(“热点”)地区(每个地区约50名儿童,总计1363名儿童)。作者分析了血液中的Cd、Pb和总汞,并通过问卷调查收集了暴露的潜在决定因素的信息。在每个国家内评估了暴露水平的区域差异。结果:与同一国家的城市儿童相比,生活在工业“热点”附近的儿童的B-Cd水平在捷克共和国高出1.6倍(95% CI: 1.4-1.9),在波兰高出2.1倍(95% CI:1.6-2.8)(几何平均值[GM]分别为0.13 μg/l和0.15 μg/l)。相应地,“热点”地区的B-Pb比斯洛伐克城市地区高1.8倍(95% CI: 1.6-2.1),比波兰城市地区高2.3倍(95% CI: 1.9-2.7)(城市GM分别为19.4 μg/l和16.3 μg/l)。在中国和摩洛哥,农村儿童的B-Pb含量明显低于城市儿童(城市GM分别为64 μg/l和71 μg/l),表明城市儿童的铅暴露来自含铅汽油、水管和/或燃煤。与城市地区(城市GM分别为2.45 μg/l和3.23 μg/l)相比,中国的B-Hg“热点”地区高出3.1倍(95% CI: 2.7-3.5),厄瓜多尔高出1.5倍(95% CI: 1.2-1.9)。除工业暴露外,交通与B-Cd相关;男性性别、环境吸烟、内脏消费含B-Pb;食用鱼类和用汞合金填充物然而,这些相关性只能略微解释地区差异。结论:这些主要是欧洲的研究结果表明,一些儿童仅仅因为居住的地方而暴露于有毒元素的风险增加了一倍。这些暴露是不安全的、可识别的和可预防的,因此需要采取预防措施。中华医学杂志,2009;36(3):349- 364。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.40
自引率
5.00%
发文量
52
审稿时长
7.5 months
期刊介绍: The Journal is dedicated to present the contemporary research in occupational and environmental health from all over the world. It publishes works concerning: occupational and environmental: medicine, epidemiology, hygiene and toxicology; work physiology and ergonomics, musculoskeletal problems; psychosocial factors at work, work-related mental problems, aging, work ability and return to work; working hours, shift work; reproductive factors and endocrine disruptors; radiation, ionizing and non-ionizing health effects; agricultural hazards; work safety and injury and occupational health service; climate change and its effects on health; omics, genetics and epigenetics in occupational and environmental health; health effects of exposure to nanoparticles and nanotechnology products; human biomarkers in occupational and environmental health, intervention studies, clinical sciences’ achievements with potential to improve occupational and environmental health.
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