Belinda De Simone, Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Elie Chouillard, Salomone Di Saverio, Massimo Sartelli, Mauro Podda, Carlos Augusto Gomes, Ernest E Moore, Susan J Moug, Luca Ansaloni, Yoram Kluger, Federico Coccolini, Aitor Landaluce-Olavarria, Begoña Estraviz-Mateos, Ana Uriguen-Etxeberria, Alessio Giordano, Alfonso Palmieri Luna, Luz Adriana Hernández Amín, Adriana María Palmieri Hernández, Amanda Shabana, Zakaria Andee Dzulkarnaen, Muhammad Asyraf Othman, Mohamad Ikhwan Sani, Andrea Balla, Rosa Scaramuzzo, Pasquale Lepiane, Andrea Bottari, Fabio Staderini, Fabio Cianchi, Andrea Cavallaro, Antonio Zanghì, Alessandro Cappellani, Roberto Campagnacci, Angela Maurizi, Mario Martinotti, Annamaria Ruggieri, Asri Che Jusoh, Karim Abdul Rahman, Anis Suraya M Zulkifli, Barbara Petronio, Belén Matías-García, Ana Quiroga-Valcárcel, Fernando Mendoza-Moreno, Boyko Atanasov, Fabio Cesare Campanile, Ilaria Vecchioni, Luca Cardinali, Grazia Travaglini, Elisa Sebastiani, Serge Chooklin, Serhii Chuklin, Pasquale Cianci, Enrico Restini, Sabino Capuzzolo, Giuseppe Currò, Rosalinda Filippo, Michele Rispoli, Daniel Aparicio-Sánchez, Virginia Durán Muñóz-Cruzado, Sandra Dios Barbeito, Samir Delibegovic, Amar Kesetovic, Diego Sasia, Felice Borghi, Giorgio Giraudo, Diego Visconti, Emanuele Doria, Mauro Santarelli, Davide Luppi, Stefano Bonilauri, Ugo Grossi, Giacomo Zanus, Alberto Sartori, Giacomo Piatto, Maurizio De Luca, Domenico Vita, Luigi Conti, Patrizio Capelli, Gaetano Maria Cattaneo, Athanasios Marinis, Styliani-Aikaterini Vederaki, Mehmet Bayrak, Yasemin Altıntas, Mustafa Yener Uzunoglu, Iskender Eren Demirbas, Yuksel Altinel, Serhat Meric, Yunus Emre Aktimur, Derya Salim Uymaz, Nail Omarov, Ibrahim Azamat, Eftychios Lostoridis, Eleni-Aikaterini Nagorni, Antonio Pujante, Gabriele Anania, Cristina Bombardini, Francesco Bagolini, Emre Gonullu, Baris Mantoglu, Recayi Capoglu, Stefano Cappato, Elena Muzio, Elif Colak, Suleyman Polat, Zehra Alan Koylu, Fatih Altintoprak, Zülfü Bayhan, Emrah Akin, Enrico Andolfi, Sulce Rezart, Jae Il Kim, Sung Won Jung, Yong Chan Shin, Octavian Enciu, Elena Adelina Toma, Fabio Medas, Gian Luigi Canu, Federico Cappellacci, Fabrizio D'Acapito, Giorgio Ercolani, Leonardo Solaini, Francesco Roscio, Federico Clerici, Roberta Gelmini, Francesco Serra, Elena Giulia Rossi, Francesco Fleres, Guglielmo Clarizia, Alessandro Spolini, Francesco Ferrara, Gabriela Nita, Jlenia Sarnari, Mahir Gachabayov, Abakar Abdullaev, Gaetano Poillucci, Gian Marco Palini, Simone Veneroni, Gianluca Garulli, Micaela Piccoli, Gianmaria Casoni Pattacini, Francesca Pecchini, Giulio Argenio, Mariano Fortunato Armellino, Giuseppe Brisinda, Silvia Tedesco, Pietro Fransvea, Giuseppe Ietto, Caterina Franchi, Giulio Carcano, Gennaro Martines, Giuseppe Trigiante, Giulia Negro, Gustavo Machain Vega, Agustín Rodríguez González, Leonardo Ojeda, Gaetano Piccolo, Andrea Bondurri, Anna Maffioli, Claudio Guerci, Boo Han Sin, Zamri Zuhdi, Azlanudin Azman, Hussam Mousa, Shadi Al Bahri, Goran Augustin, Ivan Romic, Trpimir Moric, Ioannis Nikolopoulos, Jacopo Andreuccetti, Giusto Pignata, Rossella D'Alessio, Jakub Kenig, Urszula Skorus, Gustavo Pereira Fraga, Elcio Shiyoiti Hirano, Jackson Vinícius de Lima Bertuol, Arda Isik, Eray Kurnaz, Mohammad Sohail Asghar, Ameer Afzal, Ali Akbar, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Konstantinos Lasithiotakis, Emmanuel Chrysos, Koray Das, Nazmi Özer, Ahmet Seker, Mohamed Ibrahim, Hytham K S Hamid, Ahmed Babiker, Konstantinos Bouliaris, George Koukoulis, Chrysoula-Christina Kolla, Andrea Lucchi, Laura Agostinelli, Antonio Taddei, Laura Fortuna, Carlotta Agostini, Leo Licari, Simona Viola, Cosimo Callari, Letizia Laface, Emmanuele Abate, Massimiliano Casati, Alessandro Anastasi, Giuseppe Canonico, Linda Gabellini, Lorenzo Tosi, Anna Guariniello, Federico Zanzi, Lovenish Bains, Larysa Sydorchuk, Oksana Iftoda, Andrii Sydorchuk, Michele Malerba, Federico Costanzo, Raffaele Galleano, Michela Monteleone, Andrea Costanzi, Carlo Riva, Maciej Walędziak, Andrzej Kwiatkowski, Łukasz Czyżykowski, Piotr Major, Marcin Strzałka, Maciej Matyja, Michal Natkaniec, Maria Rosaria Valenti, Maria Domenica Pia Di Vita, Maria Sotiropoulou, Stylianos Kapiris, Damien Massalou, Massimiliano Veroux, Alessio Volpicelli, Rossella Gioco, Matteo Uccelli, Marta Bonaldi, Stefano Olmi, Matteo Nardi, Giada Livadoti, Cristian Mesina, Theodor Viorel Dumitrescu, Mihai Calin Ciorbagiu, Michele Ammendola, Giorgio Ammerata, Roberto Romano, Mihail Slavchev, Evangelos P Misiakos, Emmanouil Pikoulis, Dimitrios Papaconstantinou, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Sherief Abdel-Elsalam, Daniel M Felsenreich, Julia Jedamzik, Nikolaos V Michalopoulos, Theodoros A Sidiropoulos, Maria Papadoliopoulou, Nicola Cillara, Antonello Deserra, Alessandro Cannavera, Ionuţ Negoi, Dimitrios Schizas, Athanasios Syllaios, Ilias Vagios, Stavros Gourgiotis, Nick Dai, Rekha Gurung, Marcus Norrey, Antonio Pesce, Carlo Vittorio Feo, Nicolo' Fabbri, Nikolaos Machairas, Panagiotis Dorovinis, Myrto D Keramida, Francesk Mulita, Georgios Ioannis Verras, Michail Vailas, Omer Yalkin, Nidal Iflazoglu, Direnc Yigit, Oussama Baraket, Karim Ayed, Mohamed Hedi Ghalloussi, Parmenion Patias, Georgios Ntokos, Razrim Rahim, Miklosh Bala, Asaf Kedar, Robert G Sawyer, Anna Trinh, Kelsey Miller, Ruslan Sydorchuk, Ruslan Knut, Oleksandr Plehutsa, Rumeysa Kevser Liman, Zeynep Ozkan, Saleh Abdel Kader, Sanjay Gupta, Monika Gureh, Sara Saeidi, Mohsen Aliakbarian, Amin Dalili, Tomohisa Shoko, Mitsuaki Kojima, Raira Nakamoto, Semra Demirli Atici, Gizem Kilinc Tuncer, Tayfun Kaya, Spiros G Delis, Stefano Rossi, Biagio Picardi, Simone Rossi Del Monte, Tania Triantafyllou, Dimitrios Theodorou, Tadeja Pintar, Jure Salobir, Dimitrios K Manatakis, Nikolaos Tasis, Vasileios Acheimastos, Orestis Ioannidis, Lydia Loutzidou, Savvas Symeonidis, Tiago Correia de Sá, Mónica Rocha, Tommaso Guagni, Desiré Pantalone, Gherardo Maltinti, Vladimir Khokha, Wafaa Abdel-Elsalam, Basma Ghoneim, José Antonio López-Ruiz, Yasin Kara, Syaza Zainudin, Firdaus Hayati, Nornazirah Azizan, Victoria Tan Phooi Khei, Rebecca Choy Xin Yi, Harivinthan Sellappan, Zaza Demetrashvili, Nika Lekiashvili, Ana Tvaladze, Caterina Froiio, Daniele Bernardi, Luigi Bonavina, Angeles Gil-Olarte, Sebastiano Grassia, Estela Romero-Vargas, Francesco Bianco, Andrew A Gumbs, Agron Dogjani, Ferdinando Agresta, Andrey Litvin, Zsolt J Balogh, George Gendrikson, Costanza Martino, Dimitrios Damaskos, Nikolaos Pararas, Andrew Kirkpatrick, Mikhail Kurtenkov, Felipe Couto Gomes, Adolfo Pisanu, Oreste Nardello, Fabrizio Gambarini, Hager Aref, Nicola De' Angelis, Vanni Agnoletti, Antonio Biondi, Marco Vacante, Giulia Griggio, Roberta Tutino, Marco Massani, Giovanni Bisetto, Savino Occhionorelli, Dario Andreotti, Domenico Lacavalla, Walter L Biffl, Fausto Catena
{"title":"The ChoCO-W prospective observational global study: Does COVID-19 increase gangrenous cholecystitis?","authors":"Belinda De Simone, Fikri M Abu-Zidan, Elie Chouillard, Salomone Di Saverio, Massimo Sartelli, Mauro Podda, Carlos Augusto Gomes, Ernest E Moore, Susan J Moug, Luca Ansaloni, Yoram Kluger, Federico Coccolini, Aitor Landaluce-Olavarria, Begoña Estraviz-Mateos, Ana Uriguen-Etxeberria, Alessio Giordano, Alfonso Palmieri Luna, Luz Adriana Hernández Amín, Adriana María Palmieri Hernández, Amanda Shabana, Zakaria Andee Dzulkarnaen, Muhammad Asyraf Othman, Mohamad Ikhwan Sani, Andrea Balla, Rosa Scaramuzzo, Pasquale Lepiane, Andrea Bottari, Fabio Staderini, Fabio Cianchi, Andrea Cavallaro, Antonio Zanghì, Alessandro Cappellani, Roberto Campagnacci, Angela Maurizi, Mario Martinotti, Annamaria Ruggieri, Asri Che Jusoh, Karim Abdul Rahman, Anis Suraya M Zulkifli, Barbara Petronio, Belén Matías-García, Ana Quiroga-Valcárcel, Fernando Mendoza-Moreno, Boyko Atanasov, Fabio Cesare Campanile, Ilaria Vecchioni, Luca Cardinali, Grazia Travaglini, Elisa Sebastiani, Serge Chooklin, Serhii Chuklin, Pasquale Cianci, Enrico Restini, Sabino Capuzzolo, Giuseppe Currò, Rosalinda Filippo, Michele Rispoli, Daniel Aparicio-Sánchez, Virginia Durán Muñóz-Cruzado, Sandra Dios Barbeito, Samir Delibegovic, Amar Kesetovic, Diego Sasia, Felice Borghi, Giorgio Giraudo, Diego Visconti, Emanuele Doria, Mauro Santarelli, Davide Luppi, Stefano Bonilauri, Ugo Grossi, Giacomo Zanus, Alberto Sartori, Giacomo Piatto, Maurizio De Luca, Domenico Vita, Luigi Conti, Patrizio Capelli, Gaetano Maria Cattaneo, Athanasios Marinis, Styliani-Aikaterini Vederaki, Mehmet Bayrak, Yasemin Altıntas, Mustafa Yener Uzunoglu, Iskender Eren Demirbas, Yuksel Altinel, Serhat Meric, Yunus Emre Aktimur, Derya Salim Uymaz, Nail Omarov, Ibrahim Azamat, Eftychios Lostoridis, Eleni-Aikaterini Nagorni, Antonio Pujante, Gabriele Anania, Cristina Bombardini, Francesco Bagolini, Emre Gonullu, Baris Mantoglu, Recayi Capoglu, Stefano Cappato, Elena Muzio, Elif Colak, Suleyman Polat, Zehra Alan Koylu, Fatih Altintoprak, Zülfü Bayhan, Emrah Akin, Enrico Andolfi, Sulce Rezart, Jae Il Kim, Sung Won Jung, Yong Chan Shin, Octavian Enciu, Elena Adelina Toma, Fabio Medas, Gian Luigi Canu, Federico Cappellacci, Fabrizio D'Acapito, Giorgio Ercolani, Leonardo Solaini, Francesco Roscio, Federico Clerici, Roberta Gelmini, Francesco Serra, Elena Giulia Rossi, Francesco Fleres, Guglielmo Clarizia, Alessandro Spolini, Francesco Ferrara, Gabriela Nita, Jlenia Sarnari, Mahir Gachabayov, Abakar Abdullaev, Gaetano Poillucci, Gian Marco Palini, Simone Veneroni, Gianluca Garulli, Micaela Piccoli, Gianmaria Casoni Pattacini, Francesca Pecchini, Giulio Argenio, Mariano Fortunato Armellino, Giuseppe Brisinda, Silvia Tedesco, Pietro Fransvea, Giuseppe Ietto, Caterina Franchi, Giulio Carcano, Gennaro Martines, Giuseppe Trigiante, Giulia Negro, Gustavo Machain Vega, Agustín Rodríguez González, Leonardo Ojeda, Gaetano Piccolo, Andrea Bondurri, Anna Maffioli, Claudio Guerci, Boo Han Sin, Zamri Zuhdi, Azlanudin Azman, Hussam Mousa, Shadi Al Bahri, Goran Augustin, Ivan Romic, Trpimir Moric, Ioannis Nikolopoulos, Jacopo Andreuccetti, Giusto Pignata, Rossella D'Alessio, Jakub Kenig, Urszula Skorus, Gustavo Pereira Fraga, Elcio Shiyoiti Hirano, Jackson Vinícius de Lima Bertuol, Arda Isik, Eray Kurnaz, Mohammad Sohail Asghar, Ameer Afzal, Ali Akbar, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, Konstantinos Lasithiotakis, Emmanuel Chrysos, Koray Das, Nazmi Özer, Ahmet Seker, Mohamed Ibrahim, Hytham K S Hamid, Ahmed Babiker, Konstantinos Bouliaris, George Koukoulis, Chrysoula-Christina Kolla, Andrea Lucchi, Laura Agostinelli, Antonio Taddei, Laura Fortuna, Carlotta Agostini, Leo Licari, Simona Viola, Cosimo Callari, Letizia Laface, Emmanuele Abate, Massimiliano Casati, Alessandro Anastasi, Giuseppe Canonico, Linda Gabellini, Lorenzo Tosi, Anna Guariniello, Federico Zanzi, Lovenish Bains, Larysa Sydorchuk, Oksana Iftoda, Andrii Sydorchuk, Michele Malerba, Federico Costanzo, Raffaele Galleano, Michela Monteleone, Andrea Costanzi, Carlo Riva, Maciej Walędziak, Andrzej Kwiatkowski, Łukasz Czyżykowski, Piotr Major, Marcin Strzałka, Maciej Matyja, Michal Natkaniec, Maria Rosaria Valenti, Maria Domenica Pia Di Vita, Maria Sotiropoulou, Stylianos Kapiris, Damien Massalou, Massimiliano Veroux, Alessio Volpicelli, Rossella Gioco, Matteo Uccelli, Marta Bonaldi, Stefano Olmi, Matteo Nardi, Giada Livadoti, Cristian Mesina, Theodor Viorel Dumitrescu, Mihai Calin Ciorbagiu, Michele Ammendola, Giorgio Ammerata, Roberto Romano, Mihail Slavchev, Evangelos P Misiakos, Emmanouil Pikoulis, Dimitrios Papaconstantinou, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Sherief Abdel-Elsalam, Daniel M Felsenreich, Julia Jedamzik, Nikolaos V Michalopoulos, Theodoros A Sidiropoulos, Maria Papadoliopoulou, Nicola Cillara, Antonello Deserra, Alessandro Cannavera, Ionuţ Negoi, Dimitrios Schizas, Athanasios Syllaios, Ilias Vagios, Stavros Gourgiotis, Nick Dai, Rekha Gurung, Marcus Norrey, Antonio Pesce, Carlo Vittorio Feo, Nicolo' Fabbri, Nikolaos Machairas, Panagiotis Dorovinis, Myrto D Keramida, Francesk Mulita, Georgios Ioannis Verras, Michail Vailas, Omer Yalkin, Nidal Iflazoglu, Direnc Yigit, Oussama Baraket, Karim Ayed, Mohamed Hedi Ghalloussi, Parmenion Patias, Georgios Ntokos, Razrim Rahim, Miklosh Bala, Asaf Kedar, Robert G Sawyer, Anna Trinh, Kelsey Miller, Ruslan Sydorchuk, Ruslan Knut, Oleksandr Plehutsa, Rumeysa Kevser Liman, Zeynep Ozkan, Saleh Abdel Kader, Sanjay Gupta, Monika Gureh, Sara Saeidi, Mohsen Aliakbarian, Amin Dalili, Tomohisa Shoko, Mitsuaki Kojima, Raira Nakamoto, Semra Demirli Atici, Gizem Kilinc Tuncer, Tayfun Kaya, Spiros G Delis, Stefano Rossi, Biagio Picardi, Simone Rossi Del Monte, Tania Triantafyllou, Dimitrios Theodorou, Tadeja Pintar, Jure Salobir, Dimitrios K Manatakis, Nikolaos Tasis, Vasileios Acheimastos, Orestis Ioannidis, Lydia Loutzidou, Savvas Symeonidis, Tiago Correia de Sá, Mónica Rocha, Tommaso Guagni, Desiré Pantalone, Gherardo Maltinti, Vladimir Khokha, Wafaa Abdel-Elsalam, Basma Ghoneim, José Antonio López-Ruiz, Yasin Kara, Syaza Zainudin, Firdaus Hayati, Nornazirah Azizan, Victoria Tan Phooi Khei, Rebecca Choy Xin Yi, Harivinthan Sellappan, Zaza Demetrashvili, Nika Lekiashvili, Ana Tvaladze, Caterina Froiio, Daniele Bernardi, Luigi Bonavina, Angeles Gil-Olarte, Sebastiano Grassia, Estela Romero-Vargas, Francesco Bianco, Andrew A Gumbs, Agron Dogjani, Ferdinando Agresta, Andrey Litvin, Zsolt J Balogh, George Gendrikson, Costanza Martino, Dimitrios Damaskos, Nikolaos Pararas, Andrew Kirkpatrick, Mikhail Kurtenkov, Felipe Couto Gomes, Adolfo Pisanu, Oreste Nardello, Fabrizio Gambarini, Hager Aref, Nicola De' Angelis, Vanni Agnoletti, Antonio Biondi, Marco Vacante, Giulia Griggio, Roberta Tutino, Marco Massani, Giovanni Bisetto, Savino Occhionorelli, Dario Andreotti, Domenico Lacavalla, Walter L Biffl, Fausto Catena","doi":"10.1186/s13017-022-00466-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The incidence of the highly morbid and potentially lethal gangrenous cholecystitis was reportedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the ChoCO-W study was to compare the clinical findings and outcomes of acute cholecystitis in patients who had COVID-19 disease with those who did not.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were prospectively collected over 6 months (October 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021) with 1-month follow-up. In October 2020, Delta variant of SARS CoV-2 was isolated for the first time. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and reported according to the STROBE guidelines. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who had COVID-19 were compared with those who did not.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2893 patients, from 42 countries, 218 centers, involved, with a median age of 61.3 (SD: 17.39) years were prospectively enrolled in this study; 1481 (51%) patients were males. One hundred and eighty (6.9%) patients were COVID-19 positive, while 2412 (93.1%) were negative. Concomitant preexisting diseases including cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.0001), diabetes (p < 0.0001), and severe chronic obstructive airway disease (p = 0.005) were significantly more frequent in the COVID-19 group. Markers of sepsis severity including ARDS (p < 0.0001), PIPAS score (p < 0.0001), WSES sepsis score (p < 0.0001), qSOFA (p < 0.0001), and Tokyo classification of severity of acute cholecystitis (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. The COVID-19 group had significantly higher postoperative complications (32.2% compared with 11.7%, p < 0.0001), longer mean hospital stay (13.21 compared with 6.51 days, p < 0.0001), and mortality rate (13.4% compared with 1.7%, p < 0.0001). The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis was doubled in the COVID-19 group (40.7% compared with 22.3%). The mean wall thickness of the gallbladder was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group [6.32 (SD: 2.44) mm compared with 5.4 (SD: 3.45) mm; p < 0.0001].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis is higher in COVID patients compared with non-COVID patients admitted to the emergency department with acute cholecystitis. Gangrenous cholecystitis in COVID patients is associated with high-grade Clavien-Dindo postoperative complications, longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate. The open cholecystectomy rate is higher in COVID compared with non -COVID patients. It is recommended to delay the surgical treatment in COVID patients, when it is possible, to decrease morbidity and mortality rates. COVID-19 infection and gangrenous cholecystistis are not absolute contraindications to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in a case by case evaluation, in expert hands.</p>","PeriodicalId":48867,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Emergency Surgery","volume":"17 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9755784/pdf/","citationCount":"3","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"World Journal of Emergency Surgery","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-022-00466-4","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"EMERGENCY MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Abstract
Background: The incidence of the highly morbid and potentially lethal gangrenous cholecystitis was reportedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the ChoCO-W study was to compare the clinical findings and outcomes of acute cholecystitis in patients who had COVID-19 disease with those who did not.
Methods: Data were prospectively collected over 6 months (October 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021) with 1-month follow-up. In October 2020, Delta variant of SARS CoV-2 was isolated for the first time. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and reported according to the STROBE guidelines. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who had COVID-19 were compared with those who did not.
Results: A total of 2893 patients, from 42 countries, 218 centers, involved, with a median age of 61.3 (SD: 17.39) years were prospectively enrolled in this study; 1481 (51%) patients were males. One hundred and eighty (6.9%) patients were COVID-19 positive, while 2412 (93.1%) were negative. Concomitant preexisting diseases including cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.0001), diabetes (p < 0.0001), and severe chronic obstructive airway disease (p = 0.005) were significantly more frequent in the COVID-19 group. Markers of sepsis severity including ARDS (p < 0.0001), PIPAS score (p < 0.0001), WSES sepsis score (p < 0.0001), qSOFA (p < 0.0001), and Tokyo classification of severity of acute cholecystitis (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. The COVID-19 group had significantly higher postoperative complications (32.2% compared with 11.7%, p < 0.0001), longer mean hospital stay (13.21 compared with 6.51 days, p < 0.0001), and mortality rate (13.4% compared with 1.7%, p < 0.0001). The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis was doubled in the COVID-19 group (40.7% compared with 22.3%). The mean wall thickness of the gallbladder was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group [6.32 (SD: 2.44) mm compared with 5.4 (SD: 3.45) mm; p < 0.0001].
Conclusions: The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis is higher in COVID patients compared with non-COVID patients admitted to the emergency department with acute cholecystitis. Gangrenous cholecystitis in COVID patients is associated with high-grade Clavien-Dindo postoperative complications, longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate. The open cholecystectomy rate is higher in COVID compared with non -COVID patients. It is recommended to delay the surgical treatment in COVID patients, when it is possible, to decrease morbidity and mortality rates. COVID-19 infection and gangrenous cholecystistis are not absolute contraindications to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in a case by case evaluation, in expert hands.
期刊介绍：
The World Journal of Emergency Surgery is an open access, peer-reviewed journal covering all facets of clinical and basic research in traumatic and non-traumatic emergency surgery and related fields. Topics include emergency surgery, acute care surgery, trauma surgery, intensive care, trauma management, and resuscitation, among others.
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