{"title":"Nuclear speckles: dynamic hubs of gene expression regulation.","authors":"İbrahim Avşar Ilık, Tuğçe Aktaş","doi":"10.1111/febs.16117","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Complex, multistep biochemical reactions that routinely take place in our cells require high concentrations of enzymes, substrates, and other structural components to proceed efficiently and typically require chemical environments that can inhibit other reactions in their immediate vicinity. Eukaryotic cells solve these problems by restricting such reactions into diffusion-restricted compartments within the cell called organelles that can be separated from their environment by a lipid membrane, or into membrane-less compartments that form through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). One of the most easily noticeable and the earliest discovered organelle is the nucleus, which harbors the genetic material in cells where transcription by RNA polymerases produces most of the messenger RNAs and a plethora of noncoding RNAs, which in turn are required for translation of mRNAs in the cytoplasm. The interior of the nucleus is not a uniform soup of biomolecules and rather consists of a variety of membrane-less bodies, such as the nucleolus, nuclear speckles (NS), paraspeckles, Cajal bodies, histone locus bodies, and more. In this review, we will focus on NS with an emphasis on recent developments including our own findings about the formation of NS by two large IDR-rich proteins SON and SRRM2.</p>","PeriodicalId":12261,"journal":{"name":"FEBS Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5000,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/febs.16117","citationCount":"42","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"FEBS Journal","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16117","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 42
Abstract
Complex, multistep biochemical reactions that routinely take place in our cells require high concentrations of enzymes, substrates, and other structural components to proceed efficiently and typically require chemical environments that can inhibit other reactions in their immediate vicinity. Eukaryotic cells solve these problems by restricting such reactions into diffusion-restricted compartments within the cell called organelles that can be separated from their environment by a lipid membrane, or into membrane-less compartments that form through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). One of the most easily noticeable and the earliest discovered organelle is the nucleus, which harbors the genetic material in cells where transcription by RNA polymerases produces most of the messenger RNAs and a plethora of noncoding RNAs, which in turn are required for translation of mRNAs in the cytoplasm. The interior of the nucleus is not a uniform soup of biomolecules and rather consists of a variety of membrane-less bodies, such as the nucleolus, nuclear speckles (NS), paraspeckles, Cajal bodies, histone locus bodies, and more. In this review, we will focus on NS with an emphasis on recent developments including our own findings about the formation of NS by two large IDR-rich proteins SON and SRRM2.
期刊介绍:
The FEBS Journal is an international journal devoted to the rapid publication of full-length papers covering a wide range of topics in any area of the molecular life sciences. The criteria for acceptance are originality and high quality research, which will provide novel perspectives in a specific area of research, and will be of interest to our broad readership.
The journal does not accept papers that describe the expression of specific genes and proteins or test the effect of a drug or reagent, without presenting any biological significance. Papers describing bioinformatics, modelling or structural studies of specific systems or molecules should include experimental data.