Effect of sodium carbonate on the properties of seventy percent of Tartary buckwheat composite flour-based doughs and noodles and the underlying mechanism

Abstract

The impact of Na₂CO₃ on the properties of doughs and noodles containing 70% Tartary buckwheat flour was investigated. Low-field ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance showed the mobility of water in the doughs significantly declined with the addition content of alkali from 0% to 0.9%. Na₂CO₃ promoted the transformation from free sulfhydryl groups to disulfide bonds in doughs because the sulfhydryl groups in cysteine preferred to form thiolate anion and then oxidate under alkaline conditions. As for non-covalent chemical interactions, a significant increase of hydrogen bonds and a decrease of hydrophobic interactions were observed after Na₂CO₃ addition. Quantitative analysis of microstructure showed that more uniform and denser gluten networks with higher branching rate and shorter average protein length and width formed in the doughs with 0.3%–0.6% of Na₂CO₃. The aggregated glutenin macropolymer and enhanced protein structure led to significantly stronger tensile of Tartary buckwheat dough sheets, which could meet the demand of continuous processing in the factory. Dough with alkali had higher swelling power and pasting viscosities, contributing to higher water absorption, and improved textural attributes of cooked noodles. This study demonstrated the possibility of adding Na₂CO₃ at a moderate level for promoting the sheeting, cooking, and eating properties of high Tartary buckwheat flour composite noodles.