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{"title":"Energetic Stress-Induced Metabolic Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles.","authors":"Clair Crewe","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c230001","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve powerful and complex functions in metabolic regulation and metabolic-associated disease, although this field of research is still in its infancy. EVs are released into the extracellular space from all cells and carry a wide range of cargo including miRNAs, mRNA, DNA, proteins, and metabolites that have robust signaling effects in receiving cells. EV production is stimulated by all major stress pathways and, as such, has a role in both restoring homeostasis during stress and perpetuating disease. In metabolic regulation, the dominant stress signal is a lack of energy due to either nutrient deficits or damaged mitochondria from nutrient excess. This stress signal is termed \"energetic stress,\" which triggers a robust and evolutionarily conserved response that engages major cellular stress pathways, the ER unfolded protein response, the hypoxia response, the antioxidant response, and autophagy. This article proposes the model that energetic stress is the dominant stimulator of EV release with a focus on metabolically important cells such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, this article will discuss how the cargo in stress-stimulated EVs regulates metabolism in receiving cells in both beneficial and detrimental ways. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5051-5068, 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"13 3","pages":"5051-5068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10414774/pdf/nihms-1919540.pdf","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Comprehensive Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c230001","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve powerful and complex functions in metabolic regulation and metabolic-associated disease, although this field of research is still in its infancy. EVs are released into the extracellular space from all cells and carry a wide range of cargo including miRNAs, mRNA, DNA, proteins, and metabolites that have robust signaling effects in receiving cells. EV production is stimulated by all major stress pathways and, as such, has a role in both restoring homeostasis during stress and perpetuating disease. In metabolic regulation, the dominant stress signal is a lack of energy due to either nutrient deficits or damaged mitochondria from nutrient excess. This stress signal is termed "energetic stress," which triggers a robust and evolutionarily conserved response that engages major cellular stress pathways, the ER unfolded protein response, the hypoxia response, the antioxidant response, and autophagy. This article proposes the model that energetic stress is the dominant stimulator of EV release with a focus on metabolically important cells such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, this article will discuss how the cargo in stress-stimulated EVs regulates metabolism in receiving cells in both beneficial and detrimental ways. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5051-5068, 2023.
细胞外囊泡对能量应激诱导的代谢调节。
最近的研究表明,细胞外囊泡(EVs)在代谢调节和代谢相关疾病中具有强大而复杂的功能,尽管这一研究领域仍处于起步阶段。电动汽车从所有细胞释放到细胞外空间,并携带广泛的货物,包括mirna, mRNA, DNA,蛋白质和代谢物,在接收细胞中具有强大的信号传导作用。所有主要的应激途径都能刺激EV的产生,因此,它在应激状态下恢复体内平衡和使疾病持续存在方面都有作用。在代谢调节中,主要的应激信号是由于营养缺乏或营养过剩造成的线粒体损伤而导致的能量缺乏。这种应激信号被称为“能量应激”,它触发了一种强大的、进化上保守的反应,包括主要的细胞应激途径、内质网未折叠蛋白反应、缺氧反应、抗氧化反应和自噬。本文提出了能量应激是EV释放的主要刺激物的模型,重点是代谢重要细胞,如肝细胞、脂肪细胞、肌细胞和胰腺β细胞。此外,本文将讨论应力刺激电动汽车中的货物如何以有益和有害的方式调节接收细胞的代谢。©2023美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2023。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。