Perceptions of Urban Father Support in Early Parenthood: A Critical Incident Analysis.

Debra Beach Copeland, Bonnie Lee Harbaugh, Petrice Sams-Abiodun, Francine de Montigny
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Abstract

Becoming a father is a common transitional event, however men are often not adequately prepared for their fathering role. The United States (U.S.) health care system does little to support fathers' parenting needs during the postnatal and infancy period. Moreover, father's support needs are often perceived as secondary to the mother's needs in the maternal-child system. It is important that fathers' social support needs be investigated in the first year of his newborn's life, especially in diverse populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the social support needs of urban, African American fathers during early parenthood. Using the Critical Incident Technique (CIT), a descriptive, qualitative design was used to interview 35 fathers about their social support at 2-12 months after the birth of their baby. Using a semi-structured interview guide, fathers were asked to describe helpful and unhelpful events they experienced since the birth of their baby. Fathers reported 36 helpful events and 32 unhelpful events for an overall total of 68 events. Data was analyzed using House's Social Support Theory and the four social support categories: instrumental, informational, emotional, and appraisal. Using the CIT, main categories and subcategories were developed. The helpful categories included: 1) Helping father with infant care, 2) Providing information on infant care, 3) Receiving HCP assistance, 4) Managing relationships, and 5) Becoming a father. The unhelpful categories included: 1) Receiving unhelpful assistance, 2) Receiving unreliable or unwanted assistance, 3) Offering bad advice, 4) Conflicting relationships, 5) Conflicts with friends, 6) Unsatisfying HCP experience, and 7) Receiving no support from family/organizations. The results of the study validated House's Social Support Theory and served as an excellent framework for exploring social support needs in fathers. More research needs to be conducted on the social support needs of fathers during the first year of their infants' lives, especially with experienced African American fathers and nonresidential fathers, and how health care professionals (HCPs), specifically postnatal and child health nurses, can better support fathers during the infancy period.

城市父亲早期育儿支持的认知:一个关键事件分析。
成为父亲是一个常见的过渡事件,然而男性往往没有为自己的父亲角色做好充分的准备。美国的医疗保健系统在产后和婴儿期几乎没有为父亲的育儿需求提供支持。此外,在母婴系统中,父亲的支持需求往往被视为母亲的次要需求。在新生儿出生的第一年,特别是在不同的人群中,调查父亲的社会支持需求是很重要的。因此,本研究的目的是确定城市非裔美国父亲在为人父母早期的社会支持需求。采用关键事件技术(CIT),采用描述性、定性设计,对35位父亲进行了访谈,了解他们在2-12岁时的社会支持情况 他们的孩子出生后几个月。使用半结构化的访谈指南,父亲们被要求描述他们自婴儿出生以来经历的有益和无益的事件。在总共68起事件中,父亲们报告了36起有益事件和32起无益事件。数据使用豪斯的社会支持理论和四个社会支持类别进行分析:工具性、信息性、情感性和评价性。使用CIT,开发了主要类别和子类别。有用的类别包括:1)帮助父亲照顾婴儿,2)提供婴儿护理信息,3)接受HCP援助,4)管理关系,以及5)成为父亲。无益的类别包括:1)接受无益的帮助,2)接受不可靠或不需要的帮助,3)提供糟糕的建议,4)关系冲突,5)与朋友发生冲突,6)HCP经验不满意,7)没有得到家人/组织的支持。研究结果验证了豪斯的社会支持理论,并为探索父亲的社会支持需求提供了一个极好的框架。需要对父亲在婴儿出生第一年的社会支持需求进行更多的研究,尤其是对经验丰富的非裔美国人父亲和非居民父亲的社会支持,以及医疗保健专业人员,特别是产后和儿童健康护士,如何在婴儿期更好地支持父亲。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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