Role of ON and OFF Visual Pathways in Rod- and Cone-Driven Flicker Responses.

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of various retinal neurotransmitters on temporal resolution, particularly, on the Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency (CFF), which has been previously applied in ophthalmic pathophysiologic research.

Methods: A binocular physiologic electroretinogram was performed on adult mice. Animals in the control group were injected in the right eye with 1 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Animals in the experimental group were injected in the left eye with 1 μL of PBS and in the right eye with 1 μL of PBS to which different molecules were added: 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), Glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), Bicuculline, Glycine, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). Initially, rod response was recorded and later the cone response.

Results: APB suppressed the rod-driven, but not the cone-driven flicker response. The other agents severely affected the lower flickering frequency response amplitude, in particular, at 3 Hz. The threshold of CFF was lowered from 50 Hz to 40 Hz after applying APB, Glycine, and HEPES. GABA remarkably enhanced rod-driven and cone-driven flicker response at 3 Hz, whereas Glutamate and GABA/Glutamate only did in rod-driven flicker response.

Conclusions: Both ON and OFF visual pathways were implied in cone-driven response, but only the ON visual pathway appears to play a relevant role in rod-driven flicker response. Flicker response seems to be enhanced by horizontal cells both in rod-driven and cone-driven response. In addition, due to the greater sensitivity of the flicker at low frequencies, it is suggested that pathophysiological studies should be carried out at said frequencies.