Responses Triggered by the Immune System in Hypertensive Conditions and Repercussions on Target Organ Damage: A Review.

IF 2.4 Q2 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
Carlos Henrique Nascimento Domingues da Silva, Idrys Henrique Leite Guedes, Jefferson Carlos Santos de Lima, João Marcelo Duarte Ribeiro Sobrinho, Angela Amancio Dos Santos
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a chronic, multifactorial clinical condition characterized by sustained high blood pressure levels. It is often associated with functional-structural alterations of target organs, which include heart, brain, kidneys, and vasculature.

Objective: This study highlights the recent correlation between the immune system and hypertension and its repercussions on target-organ damage.

Methods: The descriptors used for the search of the study were "hypertension", "immunity", and "target organs". The methodology of the study followed the main recommendations of the PRISMA statement.

Results: The damage to the vasculature arises mainly from the migration of T cells and monocytes that become pro-inflammatory in the adventitia, releasing TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17, which induce endothelial damage and hinder vascular relaxation. In the renal context, the inflammatory process associated with hypertension culminates in renal invasion by leukocytes, which contribute to the injury of this organ by mechanisms of intense sympathetic stimulation, activation of the reninangiotensin system, sodium retention, and aggravation of oxidative stress. In the cardiac context, hypertension increases the expression of pro-inflammatory elements, such as B, T, and NK cells, in addition to the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α from angiotensin II, reactive oxygen species, and aldosterone. This pro-inflammatory action is also involved in brain damage through SphK1. In view of the above, the participation of the immune system in hypertension-induced injuries seems to be unequivocal.

Conclusion: Therefore, understanding the multifactorial mechanisms related to hypertension will certainly allow for more efficient interventions in this condition, preventing target organ damage.

免疫系统在高血压条件下触发的反应和对靶器官损伤的反应:综述。
背景:高血压是一种慢性、多因素的临床疾病,其特征是持续的高血压水平。它通常与靶器官的功能结构改变有关,靶器官包括心脏、大脑、肾脏和血管系统。目的:本研究强调了免疫系统与高血压及其对靶器官损伤的影响之间的最新相关性。方法:用于检索研究的描述符为“高血压”、“免疫”和“靶器官”。研究方法遵循了PRISMA声明的主要建议。结果:血管系统的损伤主要源于T细胞和单核细胞的迁移,它们在外膜中成为促炎细胞,释放TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-17,诱导内皮损伤并阻碍血管舒张。在肾脏方面,与高血压相关的炎症过程最终导致白细胞侵袭肾脏,白细胞通过强烈的交感神经刺激、肾素-血管紧张素系统的激活、钠滞留和氧化应激的加重等机制导致该器官的损伤。在心脏方面,除了血管紧张素II、活性氧和醛固酮分泌IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23和TNF-α外,高血压还会增加促炎元素如B、T和NK细胞的表达。这种促炎作用也通过SphK1参与脑损伤。鉴于上述情况,免疫系统参与高血压诱导的损伤似乎是明确的。结论:因此,了解与高血压相关的多因素机制必将有助于对这种情况进行更有效的干预,预防靶器官损伤。
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来源期刊
Current Cardiology Reviews
Current Cardiology Reviews CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS-
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
10.50%
发文量
117
期刊介绍: Current Cardiology Reviews publishes frontier reviews of high quality on all the latest advances on the practical and clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. All relevant areas are covered by the journal including arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, drugs, methodology, pacing, and preventive cardiology. The journal is essential reading for all researchers and clinicians in cardiology.
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