Pain associated with intravascular instrumentation reduces orthostatic tolerance and predisposes to vasovagal reactions in healthy young adults without needle phobia: a randomised controlled study.

Abstract

Purpose: Vasovagal syncope (VVS), or fainting, is frequently triggered by pain, fear, or emotional distress, especially with blood-injection-injury stimuli. We aimed to examine the impact of intravenous (IV) instrumentation on orthostatic tolerance (OT; fainting susceptibility) in healthy young adults. We hypothesized that pain associated with IV procedures would reduce OT.

Methods: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, participants (N = 23; 14 women; age 24.2 ± 4.4 years) underwent head-up tilt with combined lower body negative pressure to presyncope on three separate days: (1) IV cannulation with local anaesthetic cream (EMLA) (IV + EMLA); (2) IV cannulation with placebo cream (IV + Placebo); (3) sham IV cannulation with local anaesthetic cream (Sham + EMLA). Participants rated pain associated with IV procedures on a 1-5 scale. Cardiovascular (finger plethysmography and electrocardiogram; Finometer Pro), and forearm vascular resistance (FVR; brachial Doppler) responses were recorded continuously and non-invasively.

Results: Compared to Sham + EMLA (27.8 ± 2.4 min), OT was reduced in IV + Placebo (23.0 ± 2.8 min; p = 0.026), but not in IV + EMLA (26.2 ± 2.2 min; p = 0.185). Pain was increased in IV + Placebo (2.8 ± 0.2) compared to IV + EMLA (2.0 ± 2.2; p = 0.002) and Sham + EMLA (1.1 ± 0.1; p < 0.001). Orthostatic heart rate responses were lower in IV + Placebo (84.4 ± 3.1 bpm) than IV + EMLA (87.3 ± 3.1 bpm; p = 0.007) and Sham + EMLA (87.7 ± 3.1 bpm; p = 0.001). Maximal FVR responses were reduced in IV + Placebo (+ 140.7 ± 19.0%) compared to IV + EMLA (+ 221.2 ± 25.9%; p < 0.001) and Sham + EMLA (+ 190.6 ± 17.0%; p = 0.017).

Conclusions: Pain plays a key role in predisposing to VVS following venipuncture, and our data suggest this effect is mediated through reduced capacity to achieve maximal sympathetic activation during orthostatic stress. Topical anaesthetics, such as EMLA, may reduce the frequency and severity of VVS during procedures requiring needles and intravascular instrumentation.