Endothelial Glycocalyx.

IF 4.2 2区 医学 Q1 PHYSIOLOGY
Christopher A Foote, Rogerio N Soares, Francisco I Ramirez-Perez, Thaysa Ghiarone, Annayya Aroor, Camila Manrique-Acevedo, Jaume Padilla, Luis Martinez-Lemus
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.

内皮Glycocalyx。
糖萼是一种多糖结构,从细胞体中突出。它主要由糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖组成,它们为细胞提供通讯、静电电荷、离子缓冲、渗透性和机械感觉-机械转导能力。在血管中,伸入血管腔的内皮糖萼将血管壁与循环血液分开。这样的物理位置允许它的许多成分,包括唾液酸、甘聚糖-1、硫酸肝素和透明质酸,参与血流依赖的剪切应力的机械感觉-机械转导,从而导致一氧化氮的合成和血流介导的血管舒张。内皮糖萼还参与血管通透性的调节和炎症反应的调节,包括白细胞滚动和外渗的过程。它的结构和负电荷阻止大于约70 kDa的大分子和阳离子分子结合并流出血管系统。这也可以防止细菌和病毒等病原体以及肿瘤细胞的外渗。由于其不断暴露于剪切和循环酶,如神经氨酸酶、肝素酶、透明质酸酶和基质金属蛋白酶,内皮糖萼处于持续的降解和更新过程中。有利于降解的平衡与多种病理有关,包括动脉粥样硬化、高血压、血管老化、转移性癌症和糖尿病血管病变。因此,正在进行的研究工作集中在解读促进糖萼降解或限制其合成的机制,以及改善糖萼完整性的治疗方法,以减少血管疾病。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
38
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Comprehensive Physiology is the most authoritative and comprehensive collection of physiology information ever assembled, and uses the most powerful features of review journals and electronic reference works to cover the latest key developments in the field, through the most authoritative articles on the subjects covered. This makes Comprehensive Physiology a valued reference work on the evolving science of physiology for both researchers and clinicians. It also provides a useful teaching tool for instructors and an informative resource for medical students and other students in the life and health sciences.
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