Pivot Shift Syndrome of the Knee.

The pivot shift test, in contrast to the Lachman or anterior drawer, is a manually subjective clinical test that simulates the injury mechanism. It is the most sensitive test to determine ACL insufficiency. This paper reviews the history, development, research, and treatment associated with the pivot shift phenomenon which is associated with tearing and loss of function of the knee anterior cruciate ligament. The pivot shift test most closely recapitulates what the symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament deficient patient feels is happening which is an abnormal translation and rotation of the injured joint during flexion or extension. The test is best conducted in the relaxed patient by applying knee flexion, tibial external rotation, and valgus stress. The pivot shift biomechanics and treatment measures are reviewed.