Recreating heterogeneity of bladder cancer microenvironment to study its recurrences and progression.

forms are treated by a radical cystectomy, which consists in removing the entire bladder but sometimes also the surrounding tissues (6). It should be noted that recurrences after treatment will occur in 80% of non-invasive BCa cases, which can then progress to an invasive form in 30% of patients (7). In the last three decades, no significant improvement resulted from research to reduce the mortality of the BCa. Immunotherapy has recently raised hopes, but the results still seem limited, even if they may in the future