How can we determine the precise timing of brain events related to action?

Recording the precise timing of brain events related to action requires recording techniques that can keep pace with neuronal activity that plays out on the time scale of milliseconds. This chapter discusses available techniques, the pros and cons of each, and the relevant considerations involved in the study of action initiation. Non-invasive techniques with high time resolution are available, but these are limited to detecting relatively large-scale neuronal events. Invasive techniques can pick up even very localized and small-scale neuronal events, but their spatial coverage can be limited and ethical considerations greatly limit their use. Determining the precise timing of the brain events related to action also hinges on whether the brain activity in question happens at a precise time or is extended in time.