Factors and mechanisms of acaricide resistance in European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch)

Inadequate choice and application of control measures for agricultural pests, ectoparasites of livestock and domestic animals, vectors and reservoirs of various diseases of human medicine and veterinary importance in urban areas has caused the resistance occurrence and cross-resistance in a large number of arthropods. Their control is becoming increasingly difficult and challenging. For example, the use of acaricides is indispensable in the control of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi, Acari: Tetranychide), but also for other species from this family that are all significant pests in agricultural production, horticulture and forestry. The resistance occurrence and maintenance and cross-resistance in arthropods is a global phenomenon. The aim of this paper was to present the resistance factors and mechanisms in Panonychus ulmi control and to list the active substances for which there was an evidence that resistance has been acquired, all with the goal of pointing out the problem of resistance in this species and highlight the ways to prevent it. The occurrence and evolution of resistant arthropod populations could have multiple consequences that can be observed from an agricultural, economic, health, and environmental perspective.