A review: Analytical methods and health risk assessment for inorganic, organic, and total arsenic content in rice samples

Determining the level of contaminants in rice is very important because it is one of the staple foods consumed by most people worldwide. Therefore, the quantity of arsenic in rice has become a health concern because rice cultivars have the property of accumulating arsenic in their grains. As a result, various societies have mandated the measurement of arsenic in rice by using different analytical chemistry methodologies, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, ETAAS, HG-AAS) after sample preparation methods such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) and dispersive liquid-liquid extraction (DLLE). The content of arsenic in rice is an essential prerequisite data to incorporate in the health risk assessment. By having such information, it can be possible to determine the risk ratio calculations and identify which countries produce rice with less risk for human consumption. This review aimed to present the analytical methods used for the analysis of inorganic, organic, and total arsenic contents in rice and introduced the methodology for health risk assessment and its related calculations by using the data of inorganic and total arsenic quantifications in the rice along with the per capita of the consumption of rice.