Relationship between alcohol intake and hemoglobin A1c levels in young women

Moderate alcohol consumption can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, whereas the association between alcohol consumption and diabetes has remained unclear in Japanese young women. The prevalence of higher hemoglobin A1c （ HbA1c ） levels and the age adjusted mortality rates of diabetes are high in women in Choshi City in Chiba prefecture. Our previous findings suggested an association between HbA1c levels and dietary habits in young women in the city. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between HbA1c with ingested nutrients/ foods. The study enrolled 372 women （ age, 20-39 y ） who attended a medical examination conducted by the city during 2015 and provided written, informed consent to participate. Their dietary habits were