Solid phase microextraction for human breath analysis of environmental and occupational exposures: A review

Human exhaled breath contains various molecules that relate to human health and environmental exposures. There has been increasing interest in human breath analysis for exposure monitoring. This review focuses on the utilization of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for breath analysis of environmental and occupational exposures. Breath analysis of different types of exposures are summarized. The developments of SPME methods for breath analysis are highlighted. The limitations of the current studies and the prospects of breath analysis in exposure monitoring are discussed.