Biomaterial types, properties, medical applications, and other factors: a recent review

当患者体内的受损器官/组织被修复/替代后，患者的生活质量将会得到大幅改善。用于人体植入性治疗的生物材料必须具备特定的性能。人体对生物材料的接受程度是决定器官修复/移植成败的关键因素。最新的生物材料的结构应与组织内的结构相似。当前，基于先进的抗污、杀菌及抗生物膜技术，研究者正在研发抗感染的生物材料；它在现代医疗中预防和治疗重大传染性疾病是不可或缺的。这些对生物材料提出了新的要求。将来的研究热点之一是制备人体植入物的材料，并添加金属、陶瓷及聚合物。这篇综述涵盖了组织工程所需的生物材料的概念、关键特征以及生物材料（包括生物活性材料和生物可吸收材料）在医疗实践中的应用，并将会帮助研究者更好地选取生物材料。 Biomaterial research has been going on for several years, and many companies are heavily investing in new product development. However, it is a contentious field of science. Biomaterial science is a field that combines materials science and medicine. The replacement or restoration of damaged tissues or organs enhances the patient’s quality of life. The deciding aspect is whether or not the body will accept a biomaterial. A biomaterial used for an implant must possess certain qualities to survive a long time. When a biomaterial is used for an implant, it must have specific properties to be long-lasting. A variety of materials are used in biomedical applications. They are widely used today and can be used individually or in combination. This review will aid researchers in the selection and assessment of biomaterials. Before using a biomaterial, its mechanical and physical properties should be considered. Recent biomaterials have a structure that closely resembles that of tissue. Anti-infective biomaterials and surfaces are being developed using advanced antifouling, bactericidal, and antibiofilm technologies. This review tries to cover critical features of biomaterials needed for tissue engineering, such as bioactivity, self-assembly, structural hierarchy, applications, heart valves, skin repair, bio-design, essential ideas in biomaterials, bioactive biomaterials, bioresorbable biomaterials, biomaterials in medical practice, biomedical function for design, biomaterial properties such as biocompatibility, heat response, non-toxicity, mechanical properties, physical properties, wear, and corrosion, as well as biomaterial properties such surfaces that are antibacterial, nanostructured materials, and biofilm disrupting compounds, are all being investigated. It is technically possible to stop the spread of implant infection.