生长因子在骨发育和分化中的作用

S. Fujimori, D. Kostanova-Poliakova, C. Hartmann
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引用次数: 1

摘要

骨是一种高度专业化的矿化结缔组织,为高等脊椎动物的骨骼系统提供力量,同时仍保持一定程度的弹性。骨基质是由成骨细胞产生的,成骨细胞是一种由间充质前体局部发育的细胞类型,被破骨细胞吸收,破骨细胞是一种造血细胞类型。一些元素,如头骨的扁平骨和锁骨的一部分,是由膜内骨化过程形成的,在膜内骨化过程中,成骨细胞直接从间充质凝聚中的细胞分化而来。相反,大多数骨骼元素是通过软骨内成骨形成的,包括将初始软骨模板重塑为骨组织。后一过程需要软骨细胞从增殖和前增生性软骨细胞到增生性软骨细胞的受控成熟,以及从前增生性细胞到软骨膜周围细胞的信号传导,从而局部诱导成骨细胞分化。成骨细胞在骨膜中开始分化,骨膜位于前增生性和增生性软骨细胞的两侧。幼年长骨一端仍含有软骨生长板的典型外观如图1所示。最近的谱系研究表明,成骨细胞和软骨细胞在肢体中具有共同的前体。因此,特别是在肢体中,为了协调相邻细胞分化为不同的细胞系并同步其成熟,激活和/或抑制不同的信号通路是必要的。本章的重点是遗传学和分子研究,阐明不同的本地产生的生长因子在胚胎发育过程中的作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
8 Role of Growth Factors in Bone Development and Differentiation
Bone is a form of highly specialized mineralized connective tissue that provides strength to the skeletal system of higher vertebrates, while still retaining a certain degree of elasticity. The bone matrix is produced by osteoblasts, a cell-type that develops locally from mesenchymal precursors, and is resorbed by the osteoclast, a cell-type of hematopoietic origin. A few elements, such as the flat bones of the skull and part of the clavicle, are formed by the process of intramembranous ossification, whereby osteoblasts differentiate directly from cells within mesenchymal condensations. In contrast, the majority of skeletal elements are formed by endochondral ossification involving the remodeling of initial cartilaginous templates into bony tissue. The latter process requires controlled maturation of chondrocytes from proliferating and prehypertrophic to hypertrophic chondrocytes, as well as signaling from the prehypertrophic cells to the surrounding cells in the perichondrium, resulting in a regional induction of osteoblast differentiation. Osteoblasts start to differentiate in the periosteum, a region flanking prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. The typical appearance of one end of a juvenile long bone still containing a cartilaginous growth plate is shown in Figure 1. Recent lineage studies suggest that osteoblasts and chondrocytes share a common precursor in the limb. Thus, especially in the limb, the activation and/or inhibition of distinct signaling pathways is necessary in order to coordinate the differentiation of neighboring cells into distinct cell lineages and to synchronize their maturation. This chapter focuses on genetic and molecular studies elucidating the role of different locally produced growth factors during embryonic...
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