Influence of Infiltrations on the Recharge of the Nkoabang Aquifer Located in the Center Region, Cameroon

Due to the limited reach of the drinking-water delivery network, Yaoundé’s surrounding communities (such as Nkoabang) rely on well water, boreholes, and springs. This study conducted a Thornthwaite water-balance analysis in the watershed in order to understand its hydrology capability and investigated the influence of the flows and infiltrations on the recharge of the aquifer of Nkoabang (Centre Region, Cameroon). The methodology of this work consisted of updating the rainfall and temperature data of the Mvan meteorological station in Yaoundé to carry out the hydrological and water balances of the Nkoabang aquifer and performing the piezometric monitoring of seven wells and one spring in the dry season and the rainy season. The average rainfall height for the period between 1951–2017 was 1577 ± 222 mm, while the monthly temperatures ranged from 22.8 (July) to 25.4 °C (February) for an average of 24.1 °C ± 0.8 °C. The average interannual infiltration was 137 mm, corresponding to an infiltration coefficient of 8.68%. The value of the piezometric levering varies between 706 and 718 m for an average of 711.76 m during the dry season. It fluctuates between 706 and 719 m during the rainy season for an average of 712.95 ± 4.09 m. Irrespective of the season, the highest and lowest values are those of P6 and P3, respectively. Piezometric level values vary little from one season to another but are higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Wells in the study area generally show small variations in piezometric level amplitude, ranging from 0.4 to 3.3 m with an average of 1.19 ± 1 m. The analysis of the piezometric map of the Nkoabang aquifer shows a flow in the NE-SW direction; storage areas south of the study areas and the water supply area in the peaks and NE of Nkoabang. The daily indicative flow rates of the spring (S) are 0.15 m3 (dry season), which can supply in the dry and rainy seasons 36 to 46 people, respectively, based on a ratio of 0.1 m3 per day per habitant.