Developments in Non-Invasive Imaging to Guide Diagnosis and Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review

Diagnosis and management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy are reliant upon retinal imaging. A systematic literature review of non-invasive imaging to guide diagnosis and treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was performed. There is a trend of moving away from invasive (e.g., fundus fluorescein angiography) to non-invasive (e.g., wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography and colour fundus photography) imaging modalities to allow for more objective assessments that can be readily repeated in a time-efficient manner without compromising patient safety. Such quantitative assessments generating large amounts of data could benefit from artificial intelligence approaches to aid clinical decision making. These non-invasive imaging modalities continue to improve both in terms of the quality of image acquisition and progress in image interpretation. It is important that newer non-invasive imaging modalities are appropriately validated in large-scale prospective observational studies or randomised clinical trials.