What lies beneath

squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, CHO cells, carcinogenesis-associated phenotypes, animal models, kras muta- tions, estrogenic DNA adducts people, mostly in the developing world, and is associated with high incidence of bladder cancer although why is not clear. But our group was able to define the mechanistic relationship for the first time between infection of S. haematobium and cancer. We used in vitro models to demonstrate the presence of informative carcinogenesis-associated phenotypes in CHO cells exposed to Sh total antigen, in which we showed increased cell pro- liferation, decreased apoptosis, upregula- tion of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, downregulation of the tumor suppressor protein p27, and increased cell migration and invasion. We further discuss the molecular and cellular events that might be respon- sible for schistosomiasis-related bladder cancer.